blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood against arteries while passing in blood vessels. The normal blood pressure is 120/ 80 mm of Hg. The blood pressure about 140/90 mm of Hg is considered as high blood pressure. Hypertension is the medical term for high blood pressure.

causes of high blood pressure or hypertension:-

1. primary hypertension / essential hypertension: it accounts for 90 to 95% hypertension. causes of essential hypertension are known after diagnosis.
2. secondary hypertension: is secondary to some other systemic diseases such as kidney diseases and accounts for 5% hypertension.

causes of primary high blood pressure:-

* genetic factor is known to cause nearly 35 % of hypertension. genetic factors affect renin angiotensin aldosterone system, which regulates blood pressure in body, and altered blood pressure regulation in kidneys leads to hypertension.
* increased peripheral arteriole resistance causes high blood pressure.
* obesity leads to excess accumulation fat in arteries and increases arterial resistance.
* excess salt consumption increases water re-absorption, leads to high blood pressure.

causes of secondary hypertension are:-

* kidney disorders such as renal artery stenosis, renal tumor cause secondary hypertension.
* adrenal gland tumor : the gland present over kidney, regulates blood pressure through renin angiotensin system.
* coarctation of aorta is an hereditary disorder causes high blood pressure in children.
* metabolic syndrome leads to insulin resistance , and hypertension.
* obesity and fat accumulation in endothelial valves also contributes for hypertension.

Minimal invasive Cardiac surgery:-

Minimal invasive cardiac surgery is an advanced form of cardiac surgery, also called robotic heart surgery.

Features and benefits:-

special features and benefits of minimal invasive cardiac surgery are,

* In this surgery the robot machine is used to conduct surgery and is controlled by cardiac surgeon. Very small incision is made instead of big openings in other forms of cardiac surgeries.

* As an incision is very small, surgery is less complicated than other form of surgeries.

* The incision made is 2 to 4 inches as compared to 6 to 8 inches of other traditional surgeries.

* blood loss during surgery is less.

* opening of sternum is avoided.

* minimal or no need of cardiopulmonary bypass machine during surgery.

* Smaller scar is formed after surgery.

* chances of wound infection is less.

* less painful for patient.

* decreased cardiac cardiac morbidity.

* Cardiac patients, who undergone this minimal invasive cardiac surgeries will recover fast within some weeks.

* period of patient staying in hospital is short.

* patient compliance is better.

* minimal invasive cardiac surgery has much advantage when compared to other cardiac surgeries.

* this minimal invasive surgery includes some other types.

Closed heart surgery:-

Heart is an vital organ, need an extra care to make it pump blood. Cardiac surgery is conducted to correct any deviation in heart structure. Various types of surgeries are conducted to correct heart disorders. we can have an idea of closed heart surgery in this article.

Most of closed heart surgeries are conducted to treat valve stenosis or valvular disorders. Heart has main valves such as tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve, and semi lunar valves.

In closed heart surgery, small incision is made on left chest, and surgery is conducted by listening heart beat. closed heart surgery is conducted to correct mitral valve stenosis. Risk of damaging the valve is high, as there is no visualisation of internal valve structure.

In closed heart surgery, after incision the surgeon places finger in the small opening to mitral valve and corrects mitral valve stenosis.  There is no opening of chest cavity and is known as closed heart surgery.
If finger is not used; knife is used to correct mitral valve stenosis. In development, aortic valve stenosis is also corrected using special cutter. ..

Tollwut: —

Tollwut ist eine Viruserkrankung, die Ursachen kleine Enzephalitis beim Menschen. Tollwut-Virus hauptsächlich Angriffe Nervensystem. wenn die neurologische Symptome entwickelt, Tollwut wird in nicht tödlichen immunisiert Personen. wenn Immunisierung ist, die nach Auftreten von Symptomen, die Schwere reduziert werden kann.

Tollwut Ursachen hydrophobia, die Angst vor dem Wasser. Alle Säugetiere können Tollwut und Menschen können sich eine Infektion durch infizierte Säugetiere wie PET-infizierten Tieren.

Tollwut-Übertragung: —

* Haustieren wie Hund kann Tollwut-Infektion. , wenn die infizierten Hund beißt uns, die Tollwut an uns, und wir könnten Tollwut.

* BAT können auch dazu führen, dass die Tollwut.

* Wilde Tiere beißen Menschen können auch Tollwut-Virus.

* Am häufigsten verwendete Methode der Tollwut-Infektion beim Menschen ist, weil der infizierten Hund und Katze beißen.

* Wilde Tiere wie Füchse, Waschbären, Wölfe, wilde Fledermäuse auch Tollwut übertragen.

* Haustiere wie Rinder, Pferde und andere Pflanzen fressende Tiere können auch mit Tollwut infiziert werden und können auf andere Tiere und Menschen.

Behandlung der Tollwut: —

* Die Wunde sollte gewaschen werden mit bewegten Wasser, nachdem ein Tier beißt. Spülung mit Seife waschen und mit warmem Wasser. waschen oder mit Jod-Tinktur.

* Bekämpfung von Tollwut-Impfstoff sollte so bald wie möglich, nachdem das Tier beißt.

* Gegen Tollwut Immunglobulin sollte auf alle Kategorien, die Wunde sollte gut geschlossen.

* Andere Behandlungen wie z. B. Anti-Tetanus, antimikrobielle sollte.

* Die reine Immunglobulin Pferd kann auch angegeben werden.

Birth injury

While passing through birth canal during delivery, baby may get an injury against birth canal, or instruments to used to assist the delivery, is termed as birth injury.

causes of birth injury:

• Birth injury or birth trauma can occur when baby is large by size to pass in birth canal
• Overweight babies, more than weight of 4 kg.
• Premature babies, as premature baby is not well developed may get injury.
• Cephalopelvic disproportion : head of baby is large when compared to pelvis of mother.
• Difficulty in labor, i.e. dystocia.
• Prolonged labour, due to poor uterine contraction.
• Improper management of second stage of labor.
• Breech presentation, shoulder presentation, etc.
• Inadequate or poor antenatal care may lead to birth injury.
• Excessive external force used to facilitate delivery.

Common birth injuries:-

Caput succedaneum : is a severe swelling of soft scalp tissue, while baby passing through birth canal. babies born with vacuum extraction usually develop caput succedaneum. It disappears
after few days.

Cerebral palsy : is a birth injury occurs when brain is damaged and it refers to all movement related disorders in body.

Cephalohematoma or head injury : is the bleeding occurs between scalp bones due to injury at birth. This appears like a lump after several hours of delivery. As per severity of injury it is healed within one week or two weeks; is healed when body reabsorbs bled blood.

Bruising or forceps injury : bruising is appeared on the face and body surface of baby, when body is excess compressed to maternal pelvis. Baby may also get mark of forceps on face and body when forceps are used to assist the delivery.

Subconjunctival hemorrhage : is the hemorrhage occurs in the eyes due to rupture of small vessels in eye. The red ring is formed around iris, and it disappears after one or two weeks.

Facial paralysis : Paralysis of facial muscle occurs when facial nerves are compressed during delivery. Paralysis of facial muscle is absorbed when bay cries, it may not move one side muscles ans can’t close an eye in paralyzed side. If mild compression and only bruising of nerve, no need of treatment and get cured in some days.

Brachial palsy : is a birth injury while shoulder nerve  is compressed during labor and baby is unable to move, flex and rotate the hand. This birth birth injury occurs when prolonged labor or difficult delivery called shoulder dystocia. if nerve is severely damaged, kind attention is needed and special exercises to be done after some days. Recover may take to
three two four months. Physical therapy is effective to treat brachial palsy and surgery is needed
in some cases.

Hip dysplasia : is a dislocation of leg from pelvis. careful examination and observation is needed
till the baby walks.

Fractures : fracture of collar bone or clavicle is the commonest fracture as a birth injury. When difficult in shoulder delivery, this fracture may occur. Baby won’t move or movement is limited in affected side. The lump is formed at the site of injury and is healed when bone develops in some weeks. To avoid pain, limit the hand movement and splint application is needed.

Poor eye sight:-

Most of working people experience pain behind eyes. over stress to eyes leads to pain behind eyes and headache. Pain is felt when eyes are exposed to bright light, reading small letters etc.

Causes of eyes strain:-

* reading very small letters,

* inappropriate distance between eyes and seeing objects.

* continuous watching of television,

* continuous working on computer

* continuous reading of books

* continuous work to eyes,

* lack of sleep,

* accommodation disturbances in the lens of eyes, etc.

sneezing is a reflex of respiratory system as defense mechanism. sneezing is caused due to irritation of mucus membrane of respiratory tract. “sneezing is a mechanism used to push out the foreign body or dust out of  the respiratory tract”.

causes of sneezing:-

• dust, pollen and other allergic substances inhalation,
• corticosteroids inhalation,
• entering of any foreign body into nose  or respiratory tract.
• upper respiratory tract infection,
• drug withdrawal etc .

self care for sneezing:-

• if animal dandruff is causing sneezing, remove pets from home.
• breath fresh and clean air,
• avoid going to polluted air,
• use face mask where high chances of dust or pollens in air.
• don’t use allergic materials.
• if sneezing is not because of allergy, it will be cured in short period of time.

Arthritis Treatment:-

Arthritis has worsened the millions of life. The old age people suffer lot from arthritis. The new medications have brought some relief to most of patients with arthritis.

Emu oil is an oil has natural high level of linolenic acid . The linolenic acid is very effective in treating muscle spasm and joint pain, especially arthritis pain.

• Emu oil has become a gift for number of arthritis patients.
• Linolenic acid is a fatty acid which easily penetrates into skin and relieves pain.
• Non phosphorus composition of linolenic acid helps in penetrating to skin.

Emu oil Effects:-

• Emu oil exists anti inflammatory action.
• Emu oil has penetrating capacity to skin.
• Emu oil also provides solar protection.

After more than a decade of experience with Emu oil, most of clinicians suggest to use Emu oil:-

• For reducing pain, swelling, and muscle stiffness.
• Ideal for treatment of arthritis.
• Also relieves muscle bruising and muscle spasm.

kidney failure :-

‘Inability of kidneys to perform normal function is termed as renal failure or kidney failure”.  Human beings have two kidneys at both side of posterior lower abdominal cavity. Any anatomical or physiological deviation of kidneys leads to kidney failure. Kidney failure is of two types acute and chronic renal failure.

Acute renal failure :  sudden or rapid progressive dysfunction of kidneys is termed as Acute renal failure. It is characterized by less urine production , i.e. less than 400 ml per day in adults, called as oliguria. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance also identified with acute renal failure.

Chronic renal failure :  slow or gradual progressive dysfunction of kidneys is called as chronic renal failure. Usually it is of irreversible type. renal transplantation may be needed to treat the disorder.

Kidney failure causes:-

Causes of acute renal failure:-

* hemorrhage in body, may be external or internal,
* acute nephritis,
* shock,
* cardiac failure,
* acute pancreatitis,
* heat exhaustion.

Causes of chronic renal failure:-

* untreated hypertension,
* glomerulonephritis,
* chronic nephritis,
* renal stones,
* renal tumors,
* polycystic kidney disorders
* are main causes of chronic renal failure.

Systemic diseases such as cardiac disorders, liver disorders, etc also causes renal failure.

Facts:-
* vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin
* it helps in absorption of calcium
* maintains healthy bones.
* vitamin D is naturally available in certain food substances such as fish liver oil
* vitamin D is synthesized in body when skin is exposed to rays.
* vitamin D obtained from sun rays and food sources are  inert and undergo processes in body to become active.
* vitamin helps in absorption of vitamin D from food materials in the intestine
* it maintains adequate calcium and phosphate level in body.
* vitamin is essential for mineralization of bones
* helps in growth of bones
* prevents hypocalcemia in body.

food sources of vitamin D are:-

natural food sources of vitamin D are less. non vegetarian foods are rich sources and green leaf vegetables are poor sources of vitamin D. The main rich sources of vitamin D are..

* fish and fish liver oil
* salmon
* tuna fish
* cod liver oil
* egg yolk
* liver
* cheese
* butter

Benefits of vitamin D:-

* helps in absorption of calcium from gut.
* essential for mineralization of bones,
* helps in growth of bones
* strengthens bones.
* prevents hypocalcemia tetany.
* prevents osteomalasia in adults and rickets in children.
* vitamin D compounds act as immunosuppressants, and prevents autoimmune diseases in body.