Prostate cancer is the most commonly seen cancer in the old men.  Most of prostate cancer are treated with surgery and prostate surgery has made easy the life of patients . Most of the men with cancer can live normal life and don’t show symptoms for entire life span. Studies have shown that most of the men live normally even with prostate cancer but of mild in nature.

Prostate surgery is done to remove the prostate or cancer cells of prostate. surgery may be done to remove and test lymph nodes in surrounding area and  to visualize  if  the cancer has spread to surrounding tissues. Prostate surgery is done to correct urinary problems that are because of  tumor pressing on the urethra.

Prostate surgery is done on the basis of stage of prostate cancer, age of person, and general health of that person. Treatment for prostate cancer is surgery.

Prostate cancer surgery choices are:-

• Radical prostatectomy : is a surgical procedure to remove whole prostate and surrounding tissue having cancer cells. It is an open surgery  in which large incision is made in lower abdomen.
• Laparoscopic surgery is done passing a tiny camera inside the cavity and special instruments to remove the cancer prostate.  lymph nodes around the prostate are also removed as they have signs of cancer and may spread to other parts of the body. Sampling of lymph nodes is called as lymph node biopsy. Laparoscopic surgery has become the famous treatment for prostate cancer.
• Removal of prostate can cause erection problems and urinary bladder problems. but after prostate surgery most of men get relief from these problems.
• Complete relief from symptoms of prostate cancer is possible with prostate cancer surgery. Treatment of prostate cancer or cure is effectively possible with surgery and medical treatment of prostate cancer may just relieve the symptoms.

• Vasectomy side effects are rare as the modern health system have made the procedure easy and safe. Some complications occur but not life threatening and need medical attention to prevent and treat vasectomy side effects and complications.
• Vasectomy is an effective way of contraception and is the most accepted and effective way of birth control all over the world. vasectomy side effects are not life threatening. The side effects are mild in most cases and similar to all surgical procedures. Only in rare cases the side effects and complications of vasectomy arise.
• Pain : pain after surgery is the common side effect of vasectomy. discomfort may also be present for a week. Mild analgesics are given to treat pain as vasectomy side effects. Some men experience chronic pain.
• Infection : infection and inflammation at the site of surgery is common. Redness, bruising and swelling are common as vasectomy side effects. Increased temperature should be treated with antipyretics.
• Granuloma (benign lump)  is the non cancerous lump that develop in some men as a result of leakage from the cut end of the vas deference from the site of production of fertilizing fluids. The lump is painful, sensitive to touch  and is not a common vasectomy side effects.
• Reversal of the vasectomy is needed in some cases of granuloma.

Epididymitis : inflammation at the site of  vasectomy leads to swelling of the epididymis it is called as Epididymitis. Epididymis is the coiled tube that connects the efferent ducts from  fertilizing fluid producing site to its vas deferens.

Abscesses at the site of incision of vasectomy is the complication and included in vasectomy side effects.

vasectomy side effects may include development of cancer in very rare cases.  men who undergoe vasectomy surgeries need not worry about vasectomy side effects and are very mild and subsides in some days or week. Medications and adequate treatment helps in reducing the complications of vasectomy.

Health care tips and facts about vasectomy:-

* Patient should get adequate information about health care after surgery.
* Exercises should be avoided for some weeks after surgery or vasectomy.
* cost of vasectomy is different in different hospitals.
* Many researches have shown that very less side effects with vasectomy.
* Patient who undergoes surgery can perform normal life as previous.
* Vasectomy risks are very less and men should not worry about risks of vasectomy.
* Do meditation to relieve mental risks.
* no need to have any fear of the surgery complications.

Implantation of fertilized ovum other than the uterus tissue is called as ectopic pregnancy. tubal pregnancy is the main form of ectopic pregnancy. Implantation of ovum also occurs in the cervix and ovaries and also can occur in abdomen. great tissue damage occurs at the site of implantation other than the uterus and is very dangerous to health of mother.

Ectopic pregnancies are called as tubal pregnancies because more than 95% pregnancies occurs in the fallopian tube of the mother. tissues other than uterus do not have a nourishing tissue for growing fetus. Hence the implanted embryo bursts as it grows and causes damage to the implanted site.  An ectopic pregnancy does not develop into a complete pregnancy and child birth is not possible.
Causes of ectopic pregnancy:-

After fertilization the fertilized egg has to be  attached in wall of uterus. In case of ectopic pregnancy egg becomes unable to come down from the fallopian tube to uterus. Inflammation or an infection of fallopian tube  causes ectopic pregnancy.

* pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID ),
* Gonorrhea or chlamydial infection,
* and other infections causes blocking of fallopian tube,
* partial or complete blockage of fallopian tube,
* Endometriosis,
* previous cesarean section,
* scar formed due to surgery of fallopian tube or abdomen,
* congenital defects or abnormal growths in reproductive structures.

Symptoms of ectopic pregnancy:-

The initial symptoms of ectopic pregnancy are similar to normal pregnancy such as

* missed period,
* breast tenderness,
* nausea, vomiting,
* frequent urination, etc..

symptoms of Ectopic pregnancy are

* pain in pelvic region,
* Pain is sharp and stabbing,
* Unilateral pain occurs as implantation occurs in single side of tube,
* Rupture of the tube,
* Internal bleeding at rupture of tissue site,
* Low blood pressure,
* lower back pain,
* dizziness ans painting, etc
* are the main symptoms of ectopic pregnancy.

Treatment of Ectopic pregnancy:-

Treatment of an ectopic pregnancy depends on the condition of  woman, size of fertilized egg, implantation of the pregnancy.

An early treatment of ectopic pregnancy includes injection of methotrexate, which disrupts the growth of the embryo and expels it out.

If the duration of pregnancy is long,  surgery to remove the abnormal pregnancy or ectopic is needed. Large incision was made in previous time to perform the surgery to remove ectopic pregnancy and it has become an easy procedure now because of modern technologies. Laparoscopy is the minimal invasive surgical procedure used to remove ectopic pregnancy or to treat ectopic pregnancy

The obstetrician or surgeon makes small incisions in the lower abdomen and then inserts a tiny video camera and instruments through these incisions. The image is caught from camera and is shown on a screen in the operating theater. This  helps the  surgeon to visualize inside of abdomen without making large incisions. The ectopic pregnancy is then surgically removed and other damaged organs are also repaired  if needed.

After surgery the HCG hormone level becomes  zero. HCG hormone level becomes normal after a week of surgery. An elevated HCG could mean that some ectopic tissue is present in the fallopian tube. This ectopic tissue may have to be removed using methotrexate or additional surgery.

• Vacuum extraction or ventouse is an instrumental device designed to  assist delivery by creating vacuum between it and fetal scalp. The pulling force created by the vacuum, pulls the baby and and drags the skull of the baby.
• Vacuum delivery is the safest method of delivery or child birth.
• The vacuum extractor or ventouse consists of suction cup with four sizes, 30, 40, 50 and 60 Cm.
• A vacuum pump and traction rod device.

Indications of vacuum extraction:-

* deep transverse arrest with adequate pelvis,
* delay in the descent of high head in case of second baby of twins,
* alternative to forceps application,
* as an adjunct to symphysiotomy.

Advantages of vacuum extraction are:-

* vacuum extractor can be used with malroated occipito posterior position of the head.
* Vacuum extractor can be applied even with incompletely dilated cervix,
* Lesser taction force is needed in case of vacuum extractor.
* Requires less technical skill for vacuum extraction.
* Fetal complications with vacuum extraction are very less.
* there should not be slightest bony resistance below the head.
* cervix should be at least 6 cm dilated.
* careful application of vacuum pump is needed for safe child birth.

Complications of vacuum extraction:-

* superficial scalp abrasion,
* sloughing of the scalp,
* cephalohematoma,
* intracranial hematoma,
* retinal hemorrhage,
* subaponeurotic hemorrhage

Uterine rupture  is the obstetrical problem or complication of pregnancy. injury to the continuum of events at the weak point of the uterus. Uterine rupture is normally noticed by the obstetrician or doctor while conducting Cesarean section. The tearing of uterus normal continuity and bleeding occurs from the site of uterine rupture.

* Uterine rupture usually occurs during early stage of labor.
* abnormal fetal heart rate indicates uterine rupture.
* uterine scar formed because of previous cesarean section increases the risk of uterine rupture.
* Uterine rupture in some mothers develop at the end stage of pregnancy.
* labor augmentation by use of oxytocin causes uterine rupture.
* abdominal pain and bleeding are the common symptoms.
* emergency care includes laparotomy and cesarean section
* administration of fluids and blood transfusion.

Risk factors and causes of  uterine rupture:-

* Women who have had previous surgery of  the uterus are at risk of uterine rupture.
* Uterine rupture occurs usually on upper muscular portion of uterus.
* Prior classical Cesarean sections, where the incision is done in upper uterus.
* incision extended through the full thickness of the uterine while  removal of fibroid tumors of uterine wall,
* Uterine surgery which affects full depth of the muscular portion of the uterus wall also causes uterine rupture.
* Grand multi para, i.e. mother have given birth to more than four babies and become pregnant have risk of uterine rupture.
* Distended uterus in case of multiple pregnancy causes uterine rupture.
* Transverse position of baby,
* Use of labor inducing medications such as picotin, prostaglandins, also increases the risk of uterine rupture.

Treatment of uterine rupture:-

* Deliver the baby by means  emergency cesarean section. hysterectomy is done if the damage to mother’s uterus is severe and the bleeding is not controlled. Otherwise, pregnant mother’s uterus can be repaired. The mother need blood transfusion as she loses excess blood during bleeding. Administer IV antibiotics to prevent infection.
* Recovery from the surgery takes more than a week.
* Take complete bed rest
* Follow up medical care and take medications properly.

• Cesarean section is the procedure of delivery of baby through an incision made in the lower abdominal wall. A small incision is made as the baby can be taken out and after baby is born the walls are repaired using stitches. The baby birth after cesarean section is called as cesarean delivery.
• Cesarean delivery is the surgical procedure used to expel the baby from the mother’s womb when normal birth canal delivery is not possible. Cesarean section is the surgical form of child birth.
• Cesarean section recovery takes some weeks. Effective post operative care of mother helps in easy recovery after cesarean section. Care after cesarean section includes immediate care after cesarean section, and care given for a period of week.
• Bleeding after cesarean is the common complication and nurse plays a major role in identifying bleeding after cesarean section.

Indications of cesarean delivery:-

Cesarean section is indicated when normal  delivery through birth canal might cause damage to the mother or baby. Reasons for cesarean delivery are as follows.

* High risk pregnancy
* presence of pelvic mass
* prolonged labor
* shoulder dystocia
* apparent fetal distress
* apparent maternal distress
* pre eclampsia and hypertensive disorders,
* pelvic contractions,
* pelvic carcinoma,
* cephalopelvic disproportions,
* multiple pregnancy
* malpresentation suc has breech presentation
* failed induction  of labor
* Macrosomia or large baby,
* placenta previa, placenta abruptio,
* umbilical cord abnormalities etc.
* sexually transmitted diseases like genital herpes
* history of previous cesarean section

care after cesarean delivery:-

* Administration of intravenous fluid is important.
* Inject methargin 2 mg IM route to stop bleeding.
* Oxytocin drip may be administered to make the uterus to contract and stop bleeding
* Monitor vital signs,
* Administer sedatives such as Diazepam.

anemi kan definieras som medicinska tillstånd där minskning av röda blodkroppar mindre än 13.5 gm% hos män och 12 gm% hos kvinnor.

orsaker till anemi: —

* Blodförlust
* Onormal destruktion av röda blodkroppar i mjälten och levern
* Sår, filer, gastrit och cancer
* Långvarig användning av droger som aspirin etc.
* Menstruation
* Svår blodförlust på grund av skada
* Ärftlig anemi
* Järnbrist mat
* Vitaminbrist, exempelvis vitamin C och vitamin B etc.

anemi Symtom: —

* Trötthet
* Snabb hjärtrytm
* Utvidgning av mjälte
* Lågt blodtryck
* Buksmärta
* Svaghet
* Blodig avföring
* Svårt att andas
* Yrsel
* Blek hud
* Trötthet
* Håravfall osv

diagnos av anemi: —

* Fullständiga blodbilden (CBC)
* Röda blodbilden
* Hemoglobin test
* Vita blodbilden
* Differential räkna
* Test för blod i avföring
* Benmärg biopsi etc.

anemi behandlas: —

vård i hemmet:

1. anemi kan behandlas hemma genom att ge järn-rik kost, adekvat säng vila och genom att järn och folsyra tabletter etc.

2. Om patienten är med magen sår han borde sluta ta aspirin etc.

medicinsk behandling av anemi:

oral behandling av anemi: medicinsk behandling innehåller järn och folsyra tabletter etc.

parenteral behandling av anemi:

intravenösa injektioner: den omfattar förvaltning av järn injektioner genom intravenöst för plötsliga åtgärden, och används för att behandla svår anemi.

intramuskulära injektioner: injektionerna ges i en Z spår metod och det är effektivt, men har fler biverkningar.

blodtransfusion: i fall av allvarlig anemi den packade blod ges.

syre: att se till att alla röda blodkroppar kan leverera maximal syre kroppsvävnader

trombocyter: ersätter saknade trombocyter när blödningen är allvarlig.

kirurgi för anemi behandling omfattar hysterektomi som avlägsnande av livmodern. Det kommer att bidra till att förhindra förlusten av blod efter leverans.

förebyggande av anemi: —

anemi kan förebyggas genom regelbundna kontroller och genom tidig upptäckt av anemi och behandling.

ta järn-rik kost gillar kycklingben, gröna grönsaker, papaya, spannmål och mjölk och mjölkprodukter hjälper för att förebygga blodbrist.

la anemia puede definirse como la condición médica en la que la disminución de los glóbulos rojos inferior a 13,5 g% en varones y 12 g% en mujeres.

causas de anemia: —

* La pérdida de sangre
* La destrucción anormal de glóbulos rojos en el bazo y el hígado
* Úlceras, los archivos, la gastritis y el cáncer
* El uso prolongado de fármacos como la aspirina, etc
* La menstruación
* Severa pérdida de sangre debido a lesión
* Anemias hereditarias
* La deficiencia de hierro los alimentos
* Deficiencia de vitaminas, como vitamina C y vitamina B, etc

Los síntomas de anemia: –

* Fatiga
* Rápidos latidos del corazón
* La ampliación del bazo
* La presión arterial baja
* Dolor abdominal
* Debilidad
* Heces sanguinolentas
* Dificultad para respirar
* Vértigo
* Piel pálida
* Cansancio
* Pérdida de pelo etc

diagnóstico de anemia: —

* Recuento sanguíneo completo (CBC)
* Rojo sangre
* Prueba de hemoglobina
* Glóbulos blancos
* Diferencial contar
* Pruebas de detección de sangre en heces
* Biopsia de médula ósea etc

tratamiento de la anemia: —

atención en el hogar:

1. la anemia puede ser tratada en el hogar mediante el suministro de hierro rica dieta adecuada y reposo en cama, tomando hierro y ácido fólico tabletas etc

2. si el paciente tiene úlcera de estómago se debe dejar de tomar aspirina etc

Tratamiento médico de la anemia:

terapia oral para la anemia: el tratamiento médico incluye hierro y ácido fólico tabletas etc

parenteral para la anemia:

inyecciones intravenosas: incluye la administración de inyecciones de hierro por vía intravenosa a través de la aparición súbita de la acción, y se utiliza para tratar la anemia severa.

inyecciones intramusculares: inyecciones se dan en un método de seguimiento de la Z, y es eficaz, pero tiene más efectos secundarios.

transfusión de sangre: en caso de anemia severa el paquete de sangre se da.

oxígeno: para asegurarse de que cada uno de glóbulos rojos puede ofrecer el máximo de oxígeno a los tejidos del cuerpo

plaquetas: reemplaza a las plaquetas que faltan cuando la hemorragia es grave.

cirugía para tratamiento de la anemia que incluye la histerectomía es la extracción del útero. esto ayudará a prevenir la pérdida de sangre después del parto.

prevención de la anemia: —

la anemia puede prevenirse mediante un control regular y por la detección precoz de la anemia y el tratamiento.

tener en hierro como las dietas ricas muslo, hortalizas, papaya, cereales y leche y productos lácteos contribuye en la prevención de la anemia.

anémia môže byť definovaná ako zdravotný stav, v ktorom pokles v červená krvinka gm menej ako 13,5% u mužov a 12 gm% u žien.

príčin anémie: —

* Krvné straty
* Abnormálne zničeniu červených krviniek v slezine a pečeni
* Vredy, súbory, gastritída a rakovina
* Dlhodobé používanie liekov ako aspirín atď
* Menštruácia
* Těžko krvné straty spôsobenej úrazom
* Dedičná anémia
* Žehlička nedostatkom potravín
* Avitaminóza, napríklad vitamín C a vitamín B atď

anémia PRIZNAKY: —

* Únava
* Rýchly srdcový tep
* Zväčšenie sleziny
* Nízky krvný tlak
* Bolesti brucha
* Slabosť
* Krvavá stolica
* Problémy s dýchaním
* Závrat
* Bled kože
* Únava
* Strata vlasov atď

diagnóza anémia: —

* Kompletný krvný obraz (CBC)
* Červené krvný obraz
* Hemoglobín test
* Biely krvný obraz
* Diferenciálna počítať
* Testy na krv v stolici
* Kostný drene, biopsia apod

anémia ošetrenie: —

starostlivosti doma:

1. anémia možno liečiť doma pomocou stravy bohatej na železo, vhodné lôžko odpočinok a tým, že železo a kyselina listová tablety atď

2. ak pacient má žalúdočné vredy, mal by prestať užívať aspirín atď

liečbe anémie:

perorálna liečba anémie: liečebných obsahuje železo a kyselina listová tablety atď

parenterálnej liečba anémie:

intravenózna injekcia: zahŕňa podávanie železa prostredníctvom injekcie intravenózne k náhlym nástupom účinku, a používa na liečbu ťažkej anémie.

intramuskulárnej injekcie: injekcie sú uvedené v Z trati metóda je účinná, ale má viac nežiadúcich účinkov.

transfúziologické: v prípade ťažkej anémie baleného krvi je dáno.

kyslík: zabezpečiť, aby každá červená krvinka môžu priniesť maximálnu kyslík do telesných tkanív

doštičiek: nahrádza chýbajúcu trombocytov pri krvácanie je vážne.

ordinácia pre liečbu anémie patrí hysterektómia, že je odstránenie maternice. pomôže, aby zabránil strate krvi po pôrode.

prevencia anémia: –

anémia možno predchádzať pravidelnú kontrolu a včasné odhalenie je anémia a liečby.

vziať železo bohaté stravy, ako stehno, zeleniny, papája, obilia a mlieka a mliečnych výrobkov pomáha v prevencii anémie.

анемия может быть определен как состояние, в котором сокращение в красных кровяных клеток менее 13,5 г% для мужчин и 12 г% у женщин.

Причины анемии: —

* Кровопотери
* Ненормальные разрушение красных кровяных клеток в селезенке и печени
* Язвы, файлы, гастрит и рак
* Длительное употребление наркотиков, таких, как аспирин и т.д.
* Менструации
* Тяжелые потери крови в результате травмы
* Наследственные анемии
* Железный дефицит продовольствия
* Витаминов, как, например, витамина С и витамина B т.д.

Симптомы анемии: —

* Усталости
* Быстрое сердцебиение
* Расширении селезенки
* Низкое кровяное давление
* Боли в животе
* Слабость
* Кровавый стул
* Проблемы с дыханием
* Головокружение
* Бледная кожа
* Усталость
* Потеря волос т.д.

диагностика анемии: —

* Анализ крови (CBC)
* Красная кровь
* Гемоглобина тест
* Белой крови
* Дифференциальные кол
* Тесты на кровь в стуле
* Биопсии костного мозга т.д.

лечение анемии: —

обслуживание на дому:

1. анемию можно лечить на дому, обеспечивая рацион богатые железом, адекватных постельный режим, и, принимая железа и фолиевой кислоты таблетки т.д.

2. Если пациент имеет язву желудка он должен прекратить прием аспирина т.д.

Лечение анемии:

устный лечения анемии: лечение входит железа и фолиевой кислоты таблетки т.д.

парентеральной терапии анемии:

внутривенные инъекции: оно включает в себя отправление из железа путем инъекции внутривенно для внезапных действий, и используется для лечения тяжелой анемии.

внутримышечных инъекций: Инъекции приведены в Z дорожки и метод эффективен, но имеет больше побочных эффектов.

Переливание крови: в случае тяжелой анемии упакованные кровью дается.

кислорода: обеспечить, чтобы каждый красных кровяных клеток можно доставить максимум кислорода к тканям тела

тромбоцитах: заменяет отсутствующие тромбоцитов, если кровотечение является серьезным.

хирургии для лечения анемии включает гистерэктомия, что является удаление матки. Это поможет предотвратить потерю крови после родов.

профилактике анемии: —

анемия может быть предотвращено регулярной проверить и раннего выявления анемии и о лечении.

занять богатые железом рациона питания, как голени, зеленые овощи, папайя, зерновых и молока и молочных продуктов, помогает в предотвращении анемии.