Distal Radius Fracture:-

The forearm of human has two bones, Radius and Ulnar. Radius is the largest bone of forearm. Distal end of the Radius is joined with wrist joint. An injury to wrist joint causes Distal Radius Fracture. Breaking or injury to the distal end of radius is called as Distal Radius Fracture.

Distal Radius Fracture is the common fracture of forearm, is usually associated with wrist joint injury. The wrist joint injury troubles lot an individual affected. Ulnar styloid is the common injury associated with Distal Radius Fracture.

Classification of Distal Radius Fracture:-

* Cooley’s fracture,
* smith’s fracture,
* Barton’s fracture

Causes of Distal Radius Fracture:-

* Fall on an outstretched hand is the common cause

* Moderate to severe force such as a fall from height place

* Motor vehicle accident

* metabolic bone diseases and osteoporosis also increases the risk of wrist fracture.

Symptoms of Distal Radius Fracture:-

* Severe localized pain,
* Lack of mobility,
* Swelling and redness,
* In compound fracture bleeding is present.
* Numbness of  hand due to compression of median nerve across the wrist joint.

Diagnosis of Distal Radius Fracture:-

* History collection reveals an injury or fracture,

* Physical examination of wounded site,

* The fracture almost always occurs  1 inch above  the end of radius bone.

* X – ray shows the extent of fracture.

* CT – Scan is done in some cases.

Treatment of Distal Radius Fracture:-

Immediate care for mild injuries include application of splint.

Reduction : is done under anaesthesia to affected area.

Plaster cast : is applied to broken bone to make injured part immobile.

Immobilise the forearm to prevent further deformity.

Back pain:-

Back pain is the most common problem affected lot of people world wide. All are looking for back pain cure.

• Back pain is the common disorder found in all the adults who are working or not.

• Millions of people are affected with back pain world wide.

• Back pain has made the millions of lives worst.

• A study confirms that four out of five have back pain.

• Back pain may be chronic or acute; may be continuous or intermittent.

• Back pain may be dull to constant sudden ache.

• Most of back pain will cure without any treatment.

Causes of back pain:-

• Muscle strain : Excess muscle strain leads to back pain as

• Meniscoid occlusion : Causes acute lower back pain due to rupture of synovial layer of inter-vertebral joint.

• Excess physical strain causes back pain for short term.

• Slip disk : Intervertebral disk prolapse or slip disk leads to severe back pain.

• External injury to intervertebral disk leads to acute back pain.

AIDS and HIV:-

acquired immune deficiency syndrome, (AIDS)  is the disease caused by HIV, human immune virus resulting in destruction of human immune system. AIDS is manifested by the group of symptoms with different infections. As the immune system becomes weak an individual is prone to get any infection easily, and the worsening of disease symptoms leads to death of an individual affected with AIDS.

AIDS leads to chronic or gradual deterioration of human immune system and destroys CD4 Positive T cells there by reduces the body resistance to infections diseases. HIV infected person or AIDS person gets an endless infection and chronically becomes ill.

It is highly difficult to understand the replication and division of Human Immune Virus, so no effective Vaccine against AIDS have been established.

The main channel of transmission of AIDS or HIV is through direct contact to:-

* Mucus membrane,
* Body fluids such as blood etc..

An estimation in 2007 shows that nearly 33.2 million people lived with AIDS worldwide and 2 millions were killed by AIDS , including thousands of children.

Even though the treatment are available for AIDS / HIV infection, no permanent cure, no effective vaccines established.

HIV is a retrovirus, replicated inside the body using DNA genes.

Causes of AIDS / HIV infection:-

AIDS is a immune deficiency disorder caused by HIV. The human body has white blood cells, and lymphatic system which provides immunity to body and provides resistance by fighting against disease causing agents.  The HIV virus after entering body, establishes infection and starts destroying the  T lymphocytes in the human body, ESPECIALLY THE cd4 POSITIVE LYMPHOCYTES.  This weakens the immune power and reduces resistance of body to diseases.

Transmission of AIDS / HIV:-

Sexual transmission :  Is the main channel of AIDS / HIV  transmission. During oral sex, or active sex, the HIV is transmitted through body fluids and contact with mucus membrane and mucus produced during sex. Sharing uncleaned sexual devices which are not covered by condom also may transmit the HIV infection.

KEEP in the mind that SEX WITH HIV INFECTED PERSONS ONLY TRANSMITS THE AIDS / HIV INFECTION, NOT AN UNPROTECTED SEX WITH normal individual.  Except condom use, any other protective sex using  chemicals also may cause AIDS/ HIV infection.

Transmission through infected Blood : Contact of body membranes or body fluid with HIV infected blood causes AIDS/ HIV infection.  Infected syringes, untested  infected blood transmission, using infected razors and blades for shave, medical persons who come in contact with infected blood or infected materials such as instruments accidentally are at risk of getting AIDS/ HIV infection.

Transmission through needles : Infected needles transmits the HIV virus and causes AIDS.  Special care by medical persons not using infected needles and instruments helps in preventing AIDS.

Transmission through mother to fetus or baby : Thousands of infants or babies are infected with AIDS or HIV from the infected mother. The HIV virus is transmitted through placenta in the womb itself, and the baby in the womb get affected with AIDS /HIV.  Now a days is possible to prevent  transmission of AIDS from mother to baby in the womb.  The transmission of AIDS through mother to baby is high in poor countries.

ARE  the main causes and transmission channels of AIDS / HIV.

Injury to knee:-

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and fluid together made knee joint. Muscles and tendons are also makes the part of knee joint. Any internal or external injury to these structures is known as knee injury or knee diseases.

* Knee joint is the weight bearing joint helps in mobility and has various range of movement.

* Any injury or disease to knee joint causes mobility problems.

* Arthritis is the common disease of knee joint.

* Anterior cruciate ligament injury is a common sports injury of knee joint due to sudden twist.

* Falls or direct blow to joint causes damage or injury internal structures.

* Inflammation of bursae (specialised structures in knee joint) is caused with tearing of internal structures.

* Accidents, or motor vehicle injury also causes knee injury or knee disorder.