High blood pressure:-

An elevated blood pressure than normal level is called as high blood pressure. Hypertension is the medical term used to indicate high blood pressure.

High blood pressure is a silent killer. because high blood is asymptomatic in most of cases.

Symptoms of high blood pressure:-

* In most of the cases high blood pressure is asymptomatic.
* dizziness
* headache
* blurred vision
* nausea

If high blood pressure is not treated it leads to organ damage :-
* heart failure
* renal failure
* cerebral hemorrhage or stroke
* retinal damage in eyes
* peripheral vascular diseases
* out pouching of aorta

Malignant hypertension is the sudden worsening of blood pressure, manifested with severe symptoms if it is not diagnosed until it reaches fatal state.

Treatment of high blood pressure:-

* weight reduction,
* less salt consumption,
* avoiding smoking,
* pharmacological treatment etc.

Human intestine:-

Intestine is the part of digestive tract or alimentary tract, extends from stomach to anus. For anatomical study purpose, intestine is divided into large intestine and small intestine.

The part of intestine joins with stomach is small intestine and the large intestine joins small intestine. Small intestine measures about 6 meters length and is coiled in the abdominal cavity. The small intestine is further is further divided into three sections, Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum. Secretin is the hormone secreted by the lining of small intestine. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to produce other digestive enzymes. Small intestine secretes major enzymes and helps in digestion of food materials, and also acts as a passage for food.

Human large intestine measures nearly 1.5 meters in length. The large intestine is further divided into six parts, Cecum,  Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid colon, and Rectum. Large intestine is not coiled like small intestine.

The human intestine has a specialized glandular epithelium which secretes mucus and helps in digestion.

Functions:-

The functions of large intestine and large intestine are not same. Small intestine plays a major role in the digestion of food, by secreting digestive juices and small intestine is the place where digested food is absorbed. Digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and protein takes place in small intestine. Small intestine absorbs all the essential nutrients and are transmitted to blood stream.

Duodenum : First part of small intestine receives the food associated with acid and bile is also added from the gallbladder. Pancreatic juice is also delivered to duodenum and mixed with the food. Mixed food with mucus, bile and digestive enzymes from pancreas is digested in the small intestine and nutrients are absorbed.

Food in the intestine is passed by rhythmic contractions and relaxation is called Peristalsis.

Jejunum measures 1-2 meters and ilium measures 4-5 meters. Jejunum is the mid part of small intestine, is coiled and helps in digesting food and passage of food. Ilium is the end part and is joined with large intestine.

Large intestine absorbs the water and electrolytes in the digested food and excretes the solid waste of digested food. Large intestine forms the fecal matter and stores it in the end part of intestine. Microbial fermentation also occur in the large intestine.

Both small and large intestine digests food, absorbs nutrients, and helps in the elimination of food from the body.

Common diseases of intestines:-

* Cancer of intestine,
* infection of intestine by bacteria,
* injury to intestines,
* Coeliac diseases,
* Gastroenteritis,
* Ileitis, etc

Constipation, malabsorption syndrome, bowel irritation are considered as intestinal disorders.

White blood cells:-

White blood cells are the defensive cells provides immunity to body. White blood cells are the forms of blood cells and counts nearly 7000 to 11000 cells per cubic millilitre of blood. These cells fights against pathogens and protects the body from diseases.

Components of white blood cells:-

1. lymphocytes
2. monocytes
3. neutrophils
4. basophils
5. eosinophils

1. Lymphocytes are the form of WBC, have a round nucleus, and less cytoplasm. These cells provides immunity form specific pathogens. The types of lymphocytes are T lymphocytes and B  lymphocytes.

2. Monocytes  are the cells have a kidney shaped nucleus and large protoplasm. These provides immunity by engulfing the foreign body,pathogens, and cell debris in the tissues. Normal value is 2 to 8 %.

3. Neutrophils  are the cells with large round bodies and lobed nucleus. Neutrophils have the action of phagocytosis and engulfing pathogens and cell debris. These cells contains the granules which are neutral to stain. The granules have a lysozyme enzyme and pathogen killing compounds. Normal value of neutrophils is 50 to 70 %.

4. Basophils are the WBC forms have a round body and lobed nucleus.
Basophils contains granules which becomes dark blue in response to
acid stain. These cells release histamines which stimulates inflammation.
Normal value of basophils is > 1 %

5. Eosinophils are rounded cells have lobed nucleus, turns red in response to acid stain. Eosinophils provides immunity by phagocytosis and engulfing. These cells are sensitive to allergens, and induces an allergic reaction when exposed to an allergen. Normal value of Eosinophils is 2 to 4 %.

Number of white blood cells:-

Differential count : is the test conducted to count and estimates the level of white blood cells in the blood.

Increased number of leukocytes in excess quantity is called Leukemia or blood cancer.
T lymphocytes have a major role in providing immunity to body.

WBC cells accumulate at the site of injury and causes inflammatory reactions. .

Drugs and pregnancy:-

Pregnancy is the very vital state for every women. A Women becomes mother after giving birth to baby. The women is going to give birth to the baby which resembles the parents usually. As the fetus or baby grows in mothers womb, an external additional nutrition supplement is essential for mother to nourish the growing baby. So during pregnancy the mother should receive healthy food which is good in nutrients. Good food ingestion results in maintaining good health of both mother and baby or fetus.

How drugs affects mother’s and fetal life ?

Drugs taken by the mother during pregnancy affects the mother’s health and also the fetal life affected lot. Even the drugs or medications taken to treat infections or diseases of pregnant mother affects the growing fetus.

All narcotic drugs are contraindicated for pregnant mother as the deviation of mother’s health and destruction of normal fetus growth is definite. The drugs such as heroin and cocaine are very dangerous for both mother and fetus. Even alcohol and tobacco alters the health of mother and fetus. Most of the medications drugs taken to treat an infection or disease are harmful to fetal life. Pregnant women health is also altered with medications. So preventing the diseases and infections is the best way avoiding drugs during pregnancy.

At what stage drugs affect pregnant mother and fetal growth ?

Certain drugs affects the fetal life at different stage of growth. A drug may not damage pregnant women health the fetal growth during one trimester and the same drug may cause damage at another stage of pregnancy.

Most of organs and systems of fetal body are developed in the first ten weeks of pregnancy. During formation of body organs and systems of baby, the drugs and medications consumed by the mother affects the growth of fetus and growth may be deviated. The deviated growth of fetus leads to fetal malformation of developing organs such as heart, limbs, spinal cord and facial features. +

Some drugs dangerous during third trimester of pregnancy. The drugs given during later stage of pregnancy may trouble the mother during labour or affects the fetus. Even the adverse effects of drugs may harm the baby after birth.

How alcohol is dangerous to health of women and baby ?

Alcohol is the most dangerous drug for pregnant women, that too in early weeks of pregnancy. After entering the body alcohol is converted into cell-damaging compound, the chemically can be absorbed from fetus easily. Cluster of birth defects are high with Heavy drinking during early weeks of pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome is the common problem seen in the babies born to alcoholic mother. The defect includes small skull, abnormal facial structures, and heart defects ( hole in heart ) and even impeded growth and mental retardation are also manifested in the baby.

Doctors suggest that Is better for mother to avoid alcohol during pregnancy. If the mother avoids the alcohol during pregnancy, is good for both pregnant mother’s health and fetal health. Is not an alcohol is great worth than a normal baby. is not it ? Then stop drinking alcohol and enjoy the safe motherhood.

Smoking and health of fetus and pregnant women:-

miscarriage or premature labor are common when the mother have an habit of Smoking during pregnancy. Nicotine depresses the appetite and pregnant women refuses food. This reduces the nutritional intake by the mother at prime time and mother becomes weak and also the fetal growth is affected. Less nutrient supply to mother and fetus may result in low birth weight of newborn baby. Lungs of mother also fails to absorb maximum oxygen and the baby may suffer from lack of oxygen.

Drug abuse is very very dangerous:-

Cocaine and methamphetamine strongly stimulants the central nervous system and suppress pregnant mother’s appetite and causes drastic forces women’s body. This leads to constriction of blood vessels, and increases heart beat there by increases blood pressure. Ultimately hinders the fetal growth. Risks of miscarriage and premature labor are common with cocaine use. Abruptio placentae a condition in which placenta is partially separated from uterus is also occurs with usage of narcotic drugs.Drugs or medications Affects mother and fetus/ baby NSAIDs : non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as nimisulide, and other analgesics such as aspirin, ibuprofen interfere with blood clotting and increase the risk of uncontrolled bleeding during labour from mother and from the cord of the baby. Labor may be dangerously delayed or extended when these drugs are taken at the end stage of pregnancy as by hindering production of the hormones that stimulate labor.

Drugs used to prevent epileptic seizures are called Anticonvulsants such as phenytoin and carbamazepine may cause defects of heart and face, and also may lead to mental retardation.

Drugs used to treat chronic acne and psoriasis such as Isotretinoin and etretinate may cause chronic malformations during first trimester of pregnancy.

Anticoagulant drugs used for treatment of heart disease and stroke, affects clotting and prevents platelets aggravation.When these Anticoagulant drugs used during early pregnancy, may cause facial malformations and mental retardation. If taken during third trimester of pregnancy increases risk of uncontrolled bleeding during child birth.

Drugs used to treat migraine (Anti migraine drugs) such as ergot amine and methysergide increases the risk of premature labor.

Lung treatments:-

Lung treatments are used to treat lung disorders such as COPD exacerbation.  Lung disorders are the anatomical or physiological deviations of the lungs. Lung disorders need the physicians care as the lung is the vital organ, helps in the gas exchange form blood.

COPD : Chronic obstructive Pulmonary diseases are

* Bronchial ASTHMA,
* Chronic Bronchitis,
*  Pulmonary Emphysema,

Other lung Disorders:-

* Cystic fibrosis,
* Pneumonia,
* Interstitial lung disease,
* Tuberculosis,
* influenza, pneumonia,
* pneumothorax,
* pleural effusion,
* Pulmonary embolism,
* Pneumocystis,
* Atelectasis,
* Pulmonary edema,
* Pulmonary anthrax,
* Rheumatoid lung diseases,
* Pulmonary hypertension,
* Pulmonary sarcoidosis,
* Lung Cancer,

Causes of Lung disorders:-

* Smoking,
* Breathing pollutant air,
* Dust allergy,
* Family history, genetic factors  etc

Facts about lung disorders and Diseases:-
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are the common lung disorders in smokers,
* Viral and bacterial infections also causes lung diseases.
* Nearly 64, 000 women die because of Lung cancer in United states, every year.
* Children are also the sufferers from Asthma and bronchitis.
* Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer.

Healthy foods:-

Healthy foods are the part of nutrition. Healthy foods are the nutritive foods helps in maintaining good health. Food plays an important role in the maintenance of Health. But due to eating of food  improper in both quantity and quality leads to unhealthy situations. Food itself acts as a medicine. Number of food stuffs in the home acts as Medicine. Having a hygienic food, in appropriate quantity along with medicine helps in good maintenance of Health.

List of healthy  foods.

Fruits:-

Apricots : Provides beta carotene and prevents  free-radical damage. Beta Carotene is converted into vitamin A and helps in maintaining health.

Avocados : Has Oleic acid and helps in lowering overall cholesterol.

TOMATO : Tomato has Lycopene is a strongest carotenoid has an antioxidant property. Tomato has no fat and prevents stomach and colon cancer.

Vegetables:-

Onions : Onions have Natural plant antioxidants and  protects  against cancer.

Ginger : relieves arthritis pain.

Spinach : prevents aging and maintains good health. Also prevents blindness in old age people.

Garlic : lowers low density cholesterol and also lowers blood pressure.

Grains , beans and nuts also play a major role in maintaining health.

Healthy food and health:-

Eat half boiled vegetables,  as heavy boiled vegetables loses vitamins and minerals.

Drink fruit juices, and a half spoon of ginger with milk helps in reducing pain.

Eat food rich in carbohydrates, because it helps in reducing back pain.

Beet root, carrot, orange, apple, raw vegetables are highly beneficial to maintain health.

Take the food rich in C vitamin and zinc. Germinating seeds, and fish have zinc vitamin in higher quantity.

Mushroom has number of  health benefits, as it has number of vitamins.

Stomach ache associated with Indigestion, gastric ulcer, constipation, gastric ulcer, can be controlled with foods.

Avoid salty foods, fatty foods, and spicy foods to maintain good health.

Don’t drink Tea or coffee when the chest pain comes. Drink sufficient water and don’t take chocolate during chest pain.

Drink a cup of orange juice daily  to maintain good health.

Shell fish soup is rich in minerals and has high healthy value.

Drink a cup of tomato juice, eat raw beans etc. These foods provides potassium to body.

Take daily a cup of curd, it provides sufficient potassium to body.

Eating a leaf of mint daily helps in improving memory.

Lung cancer:-

The uncontrolled growth of lung tissues, due to lung carcinoma is known as Lung carcinoma. The lung cancer is usually due to metastasis of lung epithelial tissue.

Nearly 1.3  million people die worldwide, because of lung cancer. Due to metastasis the neighbour tissues are also invaded and causes  the damage to other parts of lung.

Lung is the place where the gaseous exchange takes place between blood and gas. If the lung tissue is affected the oxygen imbalance occurs in the body tissues, leads to cyanosis and Death of lung cancer individual.

Diagnosis of lung cancer:-

Chest x-ray : is the first choice of lung cancer diagnosis. The patches in the X – ray, obvious mass, collapse of lung alveoli, reveals lung cancer.

Bronchoscopy : The visualization of bronchus also confirms lung diagnosis.

CT – Scan provides clear diagnosis of lung cancer.

Lung Biopsy : is performed to identify the nature of cell growth and metastasis, and helps to diagnosis Lung cancer.

Bone scan is also performed to diagnose  the metastasis of lung cancer to bones.

Treatment of lung cancer:-

Treatment of lung cancer is based on the severity of lung cancer. some individuals are at high risk, while some have less lung tissue damage due to lung cancer.

Surgical resection : Is also called as cutting away. The tumor or damaged part of lung removed. This surgical resection is done when the tumor is small or the severity of lung cancer is less.

Anterior limited thoracotomy : Is an incision made to do surgical resection.

Thoracotomy : is the incision made in the sternum for surgical procedures.

Video assisted thoracotomy : is the latest developed surgical method of lung cancer treatment. Minimal invasion is the benefit of this type of lung cancer treatment.

Photodynamic therapy : is conducted for individuals with inoperable lung cancer. In this method the less activated light drug is injected and using laser the the cancer tissue is destructed.

These are the different method of lung cancer treatment.

Betadine surgical scrub:-

Betadine surgical scrub is used during as surgical scrub. Betadine is very effective for surgical scrub. Betadine solution, betadine ointment are used for surgical scrub. Betadine is the another name for povidone iodine, belongs iodophore  group. They act by slowly releasing iodine. Povidone iodine or betadine is the most used antiseptic. Antiseptic is the solution used to kill the micro – organisms such as bacteria, virus, etc, without harming the body tissue.

Betadine is used for all minor and major surgeries because of antiseptic properties.  Betadine exhibits it’s antiseptic properties even in the presence of blood, serum, cell debris, and other body fluids also.

Betadine is used as a antiseptic skin cleanser for minor and major surgeries.

Betadine is not recommended for regular use in neonates.

Precautions:-

This medicine shall not be used in the following circumstances:

• In babies with low birth weight,
• Avoid use of betadine in body cavities,
• Allergy to betadine,
• Don’t use regularly when using lithium.
• Avoid regular use of povidone iodine in pregnant and lactating mothers.
• Use with caution in kidney disorders and thyroid disorders.

Penicillin:-

Penicillin is a effective Antibiotic belongs to beta lactam group, used to treat bacterial infections. Penicillin is effective against Gram positive bacterias.
Penicillin acts on the cell wall of the bacteria. Penicillin interferes with the formation of bacterial cell wall, the weak cell wall of bacteria ruptures and becomes unable to reproduce or sustain. The bursting of bacterial cell components through bacterial cell wall leads to destruction of organism. Some bacterias are resistant to penicillin, because the gram negative organisms don’t lose cell wall when exposed to Penicillin.

Derivatives of penicillin:-

* Ampicillin,
* Flucloxacillin,
* Dicloxacillin,
* Methicillin, etc..

Penicillin is ineffective in oral route, as it becomes unstabilized in presence of Hydrochloric acid of stomach. Benzylpenicillin, is also called as Penicillin G, is the commonly used penicillin, for intramuscular administration.

Indications for Benzylpenicillin or penicillin-G :-

* Cellulitis,
* Meningitis,
* bacterial endocarditis,
* Lung abscess, Pneumonia,
* Septicemia
* Syphilis, Gonorrhea  etc are the indications of penicillin-G

Phenoxy methyl pancillin is the orally  used penicillin is called as Penicillin-V is less effective than Penicillin-G.

Penicillin-V is indicated for infections of Streptococcus pyogenes  such as pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, skin lesions or infections etc.

Penicillin-V is effective against odontogenic infections. And also used for treatment of gingivitis and prevention of Rheumatic fever.

Procaine  penicillin is the combination of benzylpenicillin and local anaesthesia, for the prolonged absorption and is given as deep intramuscular injection.

Procaine penicillin is indicated  for Syphilis and Cellulitis, respiratory tract infections etc.

Adverse drug Reactions of penicillin:

* Urticaria or Anaphylactic allergic reactions are found in nearly 6 to 10 % of patients.
* So the test dose of penicillin is compulsory for all the individuals, to test the allergic reactions to penicillin.
* Other adverse reactions  of Penicillin are Hypersensitivity, Nausea, rash,  are the other side effects.

Filarial infection:-

Filariasis is the infectious, tropical disease caused by the parasites, such as wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi etc.

Filarial infection is transmitted by mosquitoes.

Nearly 120 million peoples are infected in Asia, Africa, central and south America all together.

Filariasis endemic in tropical countries.

Symptoms of Filarial infection:-

Elephantiasis :- Thickening of skin, and mucus membrane under the skin.
Elephantiasis is caused when filarial worms take host in lymphatic system.

Lower extremities are mainly affected with lymphatic elephantiasis.

Legs, arms, are affected from some filarial worms and other filarial worms causes blindness as migration of worm occurs through cornea.

Diagnosis of filarial infection:-

Blood test is done to identify microfilariae. Usually the blood is collected during night, as microfilariae circulate during night because of mosquito
bite during night.

Treatment of filarial infection:-

Pharmacological treatment is given to treat lymphatic filarial infection.

Doxycycline is the drug used to treat Filaria.

The drugs given to treat Filariasis have some toxic effects.

People with filarial infection may experience fever with chills once in year or twice.

Albendazole is used to kill filarial worm.

Prevention of Filarial infection:-

Prevent mosquito bites by using mosquito nets and maintaining sanitary environment. ..