Definition:-

Fever can be defined as elevation of the body temperature more than usually by about 1-2 ° above the normal 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (F) or 37 degrees Celsius (C). Fever is not a disease and is a symptom and it differs from hyperthermia.

Causes of fever:-

* Viral or bacterial Infections : influenza, common cold, Human immunodeficiency virus, malaria, infectious mononucleosis, or gastroenteritis, strep throat, pneumonia, flu and chickenpox, Endocarditis, Encephalitis and Meningitis Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu), Melioidosis, Staph Infection (Staphylococcus Aureus) , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and other infections causes fever.
* Various skin inflammations : boils, pimples, acne, or abscess cause fever.
* Immunological diseases : lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel diseases also cause fever.
* Tissue destruction : which can occur in hemolysis, surgery, infarction, crush syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, cerebral hemorrhage, etc cause fever.
* Drug fever : is directly caused by the drug, e.g. lamictal, progesterone, or chemotherapeutics causing tumor necrosis.
as an adverse reaction to drugs, e.g. antibiotics or sulfa drugs.
* After drug discontinuation, e.g. heroin or fentanyl withdrawal
Cancers : most commonly renal cancer and leukemia and lymphomas leads to fever as a first  symptom.
* Metabolic disorders : gout or porphyria also causes fever.
* Thromboembolic processes : pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis

Symptoms & Signs of fever:-

* Increase in body temperature more than 100.4 degrees F (38 degrees C) is main sign of fever.
* presence of chills due to increase in temperature of the body than the external environment is associated with fever.
* Increase in heart rate and muscle tone is the main symptom of fever.
* Shivering will be there.
* In severe cases of fever sometimes there will be presence of delirium and convulsions. Delirium and convulsions  are usually seen in children.
* When there is rise in body temperature patient feels warm. If fever reduces the person may start to sweat.
* Severe cases of fever will be associated with some other symptoms at that time the patient has to meet the doctor immediately to treat fever.

Measurement of fever:-

The fever is measured using an instrument called thermometer. It contains mercury in it. The instrument is placed in different parts of the body and the temperature can be measured. There are varies types of thermometer are there. They are

* oral thermometer,
* axillary thermometer and
* anal thermometer.

If the temperature is taken in the anal region we have to subtract 1 degree from the total temperature because there is always high temperature in there.
If the temperature is measured in the oral region it is the normal there is no need of adding or subtraction.
When we are taking temperature in the axillary route we have to add 1 degree

classification of fever:-

fever is classified according to the grade of temperature, they are

* Low grade fever : approximately varies from 100.4-102.2 degrees of F
* Moderate fever : approximately varies from 102.2-104.0 degrees of F
* High grade fever : approximately varies from104.0-107.6 degrees of F
* Hyperpyrexia : is the maximum level that is more than the 107.6 degrees of F

advantages of fever:-

* According to some studies the fever is essential for the immune bodies to fight against the antigen of bacteria. it speeds up certain immunological reactions.
* Fever may be sometimes very essential in some extents because it cause unbearable environment for the pathogens.
* Fever is useful for the immunological bodies, it provides favorable environment for the white blood cells, so they will proliferate easily and can fight against the pathogens. There will be increased activity during fever.

Treatment for fever:-

* Fever is not treated essentially because it is a essential reaction of our body. So the fever needs only the symptomatic management. There will be so much of dehydration so the patient should be hydrated properly with intravenous fluids.
* During fever period the patient may be disoriented, so the patient needs psychological support to recover from fever, nurse should give psychological assurance that fever will be get reduced as soon as possible.
* The fever patient needs complete bed rest, and room should be well ventilated and provide an environment to sleep well.
* Feed the fever patient only with small, frequent diet, because there will be alteration in the bowel pattern and indigestion may occur.
* The immediate cause of the fever should be found and proper steps to be taken to reduce fever.
* There will be chances of hyponatremia, the patient is given sports’ drinks or intravenous administration of the electrolytes.
* If the fever is so high, cold bath or tepid sponge bath should be given.
* If the fever remains same the patient must take antipyretics like paracetamol or ibuprofen, Aspirin etc.
* The actual reason for fever should be find out and the cause should be treated immediately.

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus is a multi system disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both. It is a serious health problem throughout the world. Factors that cause diabetes mellitus are as follows: age, hereditary, nutrition, pancreatic disorders etc. Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are the two types of diabetes and diabetes treatment has lesson the symptoms and relieved from developing complications.

Diabetes Treatment:-

1) Nutritional Therapy: Nutritional therapy is the most important step to treat Diabetes Mellitus. The measure steps involved in nutritional therapy is to avoiding high sugar containing foods.

Nutritional therapy For Type-1 Diabetes Treatment

• Calories- to decrease the body weight and restoring the body tissues help in achieving sugar level in control in diabetes patients.
• Diet and insulin therapy both helps in the control of blood sugar in diabetes patients.
• Avoid over intake of glucose by diabetes individual.
• Flexibility should be avoided in the insulin treatment for diabetes treatment.
• Moderate physical activities along with the 20 g/hr of Carbohydrates should be maintained for diabetes treatment.
• Should include more intake of green leafy vegetables in their daily meals and fruits that have low sugar content should be taken.

Nutritional therapy for type 2 diabetes :

• Caloric intake should be reduced in over weight or obese patients, as an effective diabetes treatment.
• Diet alone can sufficiently control blood glucose level.
• Weight should be reduced to prevent development of Diabetes for success of diabetes treatment.
• Avoid bed time snacks.
• If the patient is in insulin or sulfonylureas diabetes treatment, it is necessary to be in nutritional supplement for exercise programs.
• Alcohol should be avoided because it is high in calories, has no nutritive value, and alcohol also promotes hypertriglyceridemia.
• High fat contained foods are strictly avoided.
• More carbohydrate foods should be included in diet along with the protein and very less fat in food.
• Carbohydrates decreases the absorption of other foods, hence prevent the hyperglycemic state in the patient.
• High fiber diet decreases the fat absorption in the gastrointestinal track.
• Artificial sweeteners should be avoided and all above are the nutritional diabetes treatment methods.

2) EXERCISE -Diabetes treatment : Exercise decreases the blood glucose level by, increasing the glucose uptake by the body muscles and improving the utilization of the insulin by the body tissues. And also decreases the cardiovascular risk factors, by maintaining the balance in the blood i.e, exercise increases the high-density lipoproteins and decreases the amount of low-density lipoprotein in the blood, and hence it alter the blood lipid level. So exercise is an effective method of diabetes treatment. Exercise also improves the feeling of well being and reduces the emotional stress in diabetic patient.

Exercise should be done preferably at the same time daily and in the same amount each day. Walking is safe and beneficial form of exercise in most of the patient as diabetes treatment and it does not require any special precautions to be taken. It is important to increase the exercise gradually is recommended. Vigorous exercises in diabetes treatment is avoided because it is not safe, vigorous exercise increases the blood glucose rapidly, that may lead to diabetes complication. It is better to the exercises after having meals, when the blood glucose rises. It is also important to monitor the blood glucose level during and as well after and before the exercise you begin. Exercises  are best diabetes treatment method.

• A precaution that to be taken in exercise therapy for diabetes treatment includes
• Appropriate use of foot wears and other protective equipments.
• Exercise should be avoided in an extreme heat or cold.
• Daily inspection of feet is done by diabetic patient during diabetes treatment.
• Exercise should be avoided during the periods of metabolic rate, for diabetes treatment.

3) Pharmacological therapy – Diabetes treatment:-

Insulin therapy: insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas, which maintain the normal blood glucose level by increasing glucose transport and glucose absorption by the body tissues. Insulin is available in various forms for example Humulin R. lispro, linte, glargine, NPH etc. Insulin therapy is the effective diabetes treatment.

Types of Insulin for diabetes treatment:-

Short acting insulin. Eg- regular (Humulin R, Novoli N)
Long acting insulin. Eg- Ultralintel (Humilin U).
Combination therapy. Eg- NPH/regular 50/50 (Humulin 50/50).
Rapidly acting insulin. Eg- Lispro (Humalog), Aspart (Novolog).

Drug Therapy for Diabetes treatment:-

Sulfonylureas : Since 1950 these are widely used anti diabetic drugs. Sulfonylureas are of 2 types’ first generation and second generation are commonly used drugs for diabetes treatment. Eg-Orinase, Dymelor.

Maglitinides : These drugs increase insulin production from the pancreas. And before administration of maglitinides the patient should be advised to take it 30 min before each meal for successful diabetes treatment.

Biguanides : These primarily action of these drugs include, these drugs reduce glucose production by the liver, and it also enhance the insulin sensitivity at the tissue level. Eg- Metformin, Glucovance.

Alfa Glucosidase inhibitors: Also known as “stomach blocker”. These work by slowing down the absorption of carbohydrate in the small intestine. These taken with the first bite of each meal, they are more effective in lowering post-prandial blood glucose in diabetes treatment.  Eg- Glyset, Precose.

Thiazolidinediones: “insulin sensitizers”. Eg- Pioglitazone (Actos). Rosiglitol (Glyset). Other drugs used for diabetes treatment which affects Blood Glucose Levels are : these drugs involve both Glucose-Lowering effect ( acetaminophen, allopurinol, Biguanides) and Glucose-Raising Effect (acetazolamide, Alcohol, Arginine etc)

4) Monitoring of Blood Glucose for diabetes treatment : It is the self monitoring of the glucose in the urine. This procedure was used  in the past. The draw back of this diabetes treatment is, it does not provide current blood glucose level.In the hospital portable glucose meters are used to check the blood glucose level. This gives more quick results, hence it is most preferably used in the hospitals for diabetes treatment.

5) Pancreas Transplantation for diabetes treatment: This procedure for diabetes treatment is used as the treatment of the option for patients with types I diabetes mellitus. Who have end-stage renal disease.

Indication for the patients who do not have renal failure : a history of frequent, acute, and severe metabolic complications. Eg- Hypoglycemia, Hyperglycemia, Ketoacidosis.
Clinical and emotional problem with exogenous insulin therapy those are as severe as to be incapacitating.
Consistent failure of insulin-based management to prevent acute complications.

Male impotence:-

Inability to have a successful intercourse because of erectile problem is called as Impotence or Male impotence.  most of the men experiences impotence at any part of life. Impotence may be of  short time or long time and effective treatment is needed to treat impotence. All reproductive age group may develop male impotence but the age group above 65 are at risk of developing male impotence.

Impotence can be treatable at any age of an individual. Now a days successful treatment for male impotence is available and the treatment helps  most men with male impotence return to normal sexual activity.

Male impotence Causes:-

• Nearly 1.5 million people worldwide have impotence.

• It is be believed that keeping mobile phones in pocket causes impotence.

• Diseases like diabetes mellitus, endocrine gland disorder, kidney disease,  etc.

• Problems in the  structure of reproductive organ or its surrounding tissues may cause impotence.

• Damage to arteries, smooth muscles and fibrous tissues, surgery or an injury that interfere with nerve impulses transmission or blood flow to the reproductive organ.

• Psychological upset or emotional stress,  factors like depression, anxiety, grief causes male impotence.

• As a side effect of medications such as  antihistamines, antidepressants, tranquilizers, appetite suppressants, etc.

• smoking and obesity which alters blood flow to the  arteries.

• alcoholism or drug abuse for long time.

• In men aged  over 65 years, impotence can be caused decreased levels of testosterone hormone, and Hormone replacement therapy is given to treat this male impotence.

Treatment of male impotence:-

Most of the men won’t get treatment at all. Only ten to twenty percent will get treatment for male impotence.Number of treatment options are available for impotence depending on the cause of male impotence.  Treatment  of male impotence includes reduce stress, counseling and sexual therapy to help solve any sexual problems,  changes in life style, weight control to reduce obesity, alternative  medication to substitute medications which causes impotence, exercises to strengthen pelvic floor, use of an oral medication, a vacuum device or injection or insertion of medicine to sexual organ. Surgical operation is done to correct the deformity of male impotence in some males.

Thyroid nodule are lumps which commonly grow within thyroid gland. These lumps are the abnormal growths of thyroid tissue which are situated at the edges of thyroid gland and are felt as lump on throat by feeling external palpation. Sometimes thyroid nodule can be seen as a lump in the front of the neck in thin individuals who have less subcutaneous fat deposition.

Causes,  Facts related to thyroid nodule and thyroid biopsy:-

* Women are more prone to have thyroid nodule .  1 woman out of 15 has risk of getting thyroid nodule.
* 1 out of  40 young men has risk of developing thyroid nodule.
*  discomfort
* Thyroid nodule are benign tumors and non cancerous cells. Only five percent may develop carcinomas.
* More than 95 percent of all thyroid nodules are benign (non-cancerous growths)
* Some  thyroid nodule  are cysts  filled with fluid rather than thyroid tissue
* People aged over 50 years have chance of developing thyroid nodule.
* Thyroid biopsy is done to diagnose the nature of thyroid nodule, as a benign or malignant. Thyroid biopsy is the important diagnostic test for confirmation of thyroid nodule.
* complete family physical examination, measurement of serum TSH level and FNAB of the nodule are the diagnostic tests done before treatment of thyroid nodule.
* Ultrasound thyroid scan is done to notify the nature and extent of thyroid nodule.
* Thyroid biopsy is the procedure done to get the sample tissue for diagnostic studies. Thyroid biopsy is done in the minor OT with aseptic techniques. Care should be taken to avoid damage to blood vessels or thyroid gland while conducting thyroid biopsy. Needle biopsy is the common thyroid biopsy type. Biopsy specimen is tested in the laboratory and nodule nature is identified as benign or malignant.

Treatment of thyroid nodule:-

Experienced physicians need to treat the thyroid nodule. Treatment based on the nodule is benign or carcinogenic, metastatic. Hormone replacement may done after removal of affected thyroid lobe or thyroid part. Surgery is done to correct or remove thyroid nodule,  concerns about cosmesis should be taken by the surgeon. Patient need  some days of hospitalization and she can lead normal life. Regular medications should be taken as per doctor’s advice. Follow the medical care and have a healthy soft diet. Liquid diet is given for some days after thyroid nodule surgery.

cabello sano: —

cabellos sanos proporcionar placer a la persona y también agradable a la persona y lo mental y físicamente cómodo. para el crecimiento de los pelos más fuerte y más largo el cabello vitaminas son los aspectos importantes. debe haber un cabello vitaminas bien equilibrado, en caso de aumento de la cantidad de vitaminas del cabello o la disminución de la cantidad puede también conduce a la pérdida del cabello.

cabello sano es dependiendo de la buena nutrición, la forma en que la buena nutrición es esencial para el crecimiento de nuestro cuerpo. algunas vitaminas desempeñan papel vital de la buena pelos. es importante que ciertas necesidades metabólicas de las células se deben cumplir para el adecuado crecimiento del cabello. eso significa que ciertas vitaminas y minerales deben estar presentes en la cantidad adecuada de otro modo tal vez conduce a un defecto o no el crecimiento del vello.

debido a la prisa de un día la vida ahora que no estamos dando mucha importancia para que nuestra comida. horario de trabajo será extrema empujando a los pueblos pobres para desarrollar hábitos de alimentación. junto con el estrés, la exposición al sol, el medio ambiente tóxico, el hábito de fumar y el consumo de alcohol en la cantidad en exceso, así como la falta de sueño conduce a una mala absorción de las vitaminas del cabello y provocar la pérdida del cabello.

teniendo debidamente en cantidad de vitaminas y minerales, desempeña un papel importante en mantener el cabello saludable y hermoso. así que nuestro objetivo es tomar el pelo adecuadamente vitaminas. pesados de la ingesta de ciertos suplementos vitamínicos, en algunos casos, se tradujo en estimular el crecimiento del vello. deficiencia de vitamina B6-dará lugar a perder el cabello a menudo a causa de la deficiencia de vitamina cabello.

condición de nuestro cabello refleja el estado de nuestro cuerpo. si nuestro cuerpo está sano y bien nutrido, el cabello se busca bien. las deficiencias nutricionales a causa de cabello se vuelve quebradizo y delgado.

vitaminas pelo: —

vitamina A: – desempeña un papel importante en el crecimiento del cabello y el buen cabello sano. alimentos ricos en vitamina A son el queso, los huevos, las zanahorias, los albaricoques, la carne, la leche, los melocotones y aceite de hígado de pescado. estos alimentos proporciona vitaminas cabello.

grandes dosis de más de 25.000 UI de cabello vitaminas pueden también conduce a la pérdida de cabello.

ácidos grasos esenciales también deben ser adoptadas para mejorar la textura del cabello y evitar que también seca, cabello quebradizo. dosis de esta vitamina es de cabello: 500 mg al día. vitaminas cabello no debe administrarse a niños.

b-vitaminas: – vitamina b-es importante para la salud y para el crecimiento del cabello. alimentos ricos en vitamina B son los frijoles, guisantes, coliflor, nueces y huevos, levadura, semillas de soja. esta vitamina del complejo B con el siguiente b-algunas vitaminas se traduce en mejores resultados. a fin de vitamina b-son las mejores vitaminas cabello.

vitamina B3 también conocida como la niacina y la dosis de vitamina b3 es de 50 mg 3 veces al día. alimentos ricos en vitamina B3 son la levadura, pollo, pescado, germen de trigo, pavo y carne.

-vitamina B5 es una vitamina del cabello. la dosis es de 100 mg 3 veces al día. alimentos fuentes de vitamina B5-son la levadura, las carnes de órganos y yemas de huevo, cereales integrales.

vitamina B6 es también un secador de vitamina. la dosis es de 50 mg 3 veces al día. fuentes de alimentos son el hígado, cereales integrales, verduras, carnes de órganos y yema de huevo, levadura de cerveza.

vitamina B12, la dosis es de 2 mg al día y las fuentes de alimentación son el pollo, pescado, huevos y leche.

vitamina-c: – vitamina C mejorará la circulación del cuero cabelludo. mantener los capilares que llevan sangre a los folículos. alimentos ricos en vitamina C son antioxidantes, como los cítricos, el kiwi, melón, tomates, patatas, hortalizas de hoja verde, piña y fresas. dosificación es 3,000-10,000 mg al día.

vitamina E: – el secador de vitaminas también mejora la circulación del cuero cabelludo. alimentos ricos en vitamina E son los aceites vegetales, soja, semillas crudas y frutos secos, por presión en frío de aceites vegetales de hoja verde y hortalizas, aceite de germen de trigo, frijoles secos. dosis diaria es de 400 UI.

Precauciones: – pacientes con hipertensión tiene que consultar al médico antes de tomar los suplementos de vitamina-E.

biotina: – es muy importante para el crecimiento del cabello y cabello saludables. que evita la pérdida del cabello. biotina es comúnmente prescritos cabello vitaminas para la pérdida de cabello tratamiento. fuentes de alimentos de la biotina son los granos enteros, guisantes, avena, soja, arroz y leche, yemas de huevo, levadura, lentejas, semillas de girasol, arroz y nueces. dosis diaria es de 50 mg 3 veces al día.

inositol: – es muy cabello vitaminas esenciales para el crecimiento del cabello. dosis diaria de este secador de vitaminas es de 100 mg dos veces al día.

Insulin administration :-

The children who have juvenile diabetes mellitus, the special care is needed by parents to administer insulin in children. Because children may not have adequate knowledge to administer insulin by themselves. Most children are depending on their parents to get health care. Although insulin is not secreted in children, the insulin injection is must for children who have Juvenile diabetes mellitus. First the parents should learn how to administer insulin, when should be given, and the dosage of insulin. This helps in maintaining normal blood glucose in the children. Insulin is usually given just before food, because insulin takes some time to act, as soon as the food is observed, the insulin starts working. Don’t skip or miss insulin injection administration,

Few important facts:-

* Do the regular exercises,

* Don’t administer over dose of insulin,

* Get the clear tips from doctor, how to prevent Hypoglycemia,

* Precautions to be taken in Diabetes affected children.

* Avoid getting injuries,

* Don’t use sharp instruments, for domestic use.

* Use the right, good footwear, and don’t walk in bare foot.

* Check for any lesions or injuries on any part of the body.

Delirium is a sudden neural attack, delirium can be prevented. Sudden, mental and neurological symptoms occurrence due to alcohol withdrawal is called as Delirium tremens. Restlessness and agitation are associated with Delirium tremens. Sudden cessation of alcoholism or even excess consumption of alcohol leads to DELIRIUM TREMENS.

Delirium tremens is a withdrawal symptom seen in the individual addicted to Alcohol. Delirium tremens is considered as one of the psychological disorder.

Causes of Delirium tremens:-

* The main cause of delirium is excess alcohol drinking, especially when an individual doesn’t take enough food.
* Head injury, infection, or any illness associated with alcoholism acts as triggering factor of Delirium tremens.
* Chronic heavy alcoholism, previous history of heavy alcoholism.

Symptoms of delirium tremens:-

1. Nervousness
2. Feeling shaky
3. Irritability or easily excited
4. Anxiety,
5. Emotional volatility,
6. Emotional instability,
7. Sudden mood change,
8. unable to mingle in group,
9. Depression,
10. Fatigue ,
11. Difficulty in thinking
12. palpitation (sensation of feeling own heart beat) ,
13. Headache, general, pulsating ,
14. Excess Sweating,
15. Especially the palms of the hands or the face ,
16. Nausea, (sensation of vomiting)
17. Loss of appetite,
18. vomiting,
19. Seizures,
20. Tremors,
21. Mental changes, etc

Diagnosis:-

Physical examination and history collection . Tremors, excess sweating, and other symptoms help  in diagnosis.

Treatment of Delirium tremens:-

Preventing the complications, restoring health, and relieving symptoms are the treatment goals.

Treatment based on the causes and severity of symptoms.

The pharmacological treatment:-

* anticonvulsants such as phenytoin
* clonidine to reduce cardiovascular symptoms and reduce anxiety
* central nervous system depressants
* sedatives such as alprazolam

Psychological care is needed, along with psychological therapies such as group therapy, playing .

Kidney transplantation:-

Dialysis is given to patient after kidney transplant. Transplantation of donors kidney to treat end stage renal disease is called as kidney transplantation. Usually living donors kidney are used for transplantation, and a biological relation between donor and recipient is important.

Need for kidney transplantation:- End stage kidney diseases such as,

* Malignant hypertension,
* Infections, diabetes mellitus and
* Glomerulonephritis
* genetic causes include polycystic kidney disease

these problems lead to very less glomerular filtration and in kidney transplantation is needed.

Kidney transplantation and care:-

The kidney transplanted individuals should undergo Peritoneal or hemodialysis until the transplanted kidneys starts to work properly. Infection control is also very important as the chance of infection is very high after kidney transplantation.

Tongue lesions:-

Lesions occur on the tongue are considered as tongue lesions. Most of tongue lesions are healed without treatment. If tongue lesions are not healed for long time, biopsy is taken and test is conducted to identify any underlying cause.

Causes of tongue lesions:-

* Vitamin deficiencies, are common cause of tongue lesions.
* Malnutrition,
* iron deficiency anaemia,
* pernicious anaemia,
* HIV infection,
* Oral candidiasis,
* Local infection,
* trauma to tongue,
* Side effects of medications,
* beverages or tobacco induced lesion,
* tongue malignancy lesions are the causes of tongue lesions.

Treatment of tongue lesions:-

*  Treat the underlying cause such as vitamin deficiencies.

* Apply analgesic cream on the tongue lesions,

* Systemic analgesics,

* Mouth washes with analgesic effect,

* Avoid mucus irritants such as tobacco, hot foods or drinks,etc.

* Maintain good mouth hygiene and dental hygiene.

* Use mouth rinses such as lidocaine 2% topical solution, etc.

Definition:-

“Aphasia is defined as inability to communicate verbally either partially or completely”.

The person with aphasia has difficulty in not only  speaking but also in writing, reading, and recognizing the objects. And also unable to understand what others’ say. Aphasia is mainly caused because of an abnormality in the brain, which affects the speech center in the brain. The conditions such as less oxygen supply to brain,  Traumatic injury to brain, stroke, cause Aphasia.

Causes of Aphasia:-

1. Stroke is the main cause of aphasia, as the speech center in the brain loses its function. Nearly 18 to 23% of stroke affected people suffer from Aphasia.
2. Head injuries,
3. Encephalitis, and other brain infections
4. Traumatic injury to head and brain.

Most cases of Aphasia are temporary and treated within few days. Complete recovery is possible with effective treatment. But the permanent Aphasia is not treatable, and still millions of Americans are suffering from some form of Aphasia.

Treatment of Aphasia:-

Treatment aids in improving the communicating ability of the person.

Rehabilitation is given by speech – language pathologist. Aphasia is treated on the basis of extent of brain damage.