Elderly depression:-

Elderly depression is the depression seen in the old age people. Most of the old age people are at the risk of Elderly depression with number of risk factors. Nearly 10 to 15 % of aged people about 65 years, suffers from elderly depression. Elderly depression is one of the major public health problem. A research study says that older adults with both diabetes and elderly depression are 36 percent to 38 percent risk of dying from any cause.

Most of the elderly depression are not identified easily in nursing homes and general hospitals. A mental health center is the right place to diagnose elderly depression and to provide appropriate mental health care. Hospitalization and different psychotherapies helps in reducing depression and restoration of mental health.

Somatic complaints and cognitive impairments are main symptoms usually associated with elderly depression. Antidepressant medications  are given to treat depression in elders and the dosage fixing and checking for drug tolerance is very important.

Causes of elderly depression:-

• Normal aging process,
• Loss of spouse or loved one,
• Loneliness,
• Loss of independence,
• Feeling of being neglected form young ones,
• Fear of death or dying,
• Feelings of purposelessness
• Chronic medical illnesses,
• Nutritional deficiency,
• Prolonged drug therapy,
• Psychosocial factors, and
• Mental health problem
• Loss of mobility due to joint deformity,

Symptoms of Elderly depression:-

• Likes to be alone always,
• Refuses to take food,
• Loss of appetite and weight loss,
• Loss of self-worth,
• Deficit sleep,
• Sadness,
• Anxiety and worries
• Neglects personal care,
• Loss of memory,
• Not interested in mingling with family members,
• Social withdrawal and isolation,
• Likes to stay in a dark room,
• Fixation on death and likes to die,
• Becomes alcoholics and drug abused,

Treatment of  Elderly depression:-

Antidepressant therapy : Antidepressant medications  lessens the symptoms of elderly depression. Care should be taken to lessen the side effects of drugs which occurs in elders. Treating underlying cause is also needed. Neuroleptic medications are also beneficial in some individuals.

Psychological counseling : is very beneficial in relieving symptoms of depression. Counseling should facilitate to make off loneliness, and should be according to the need and life situation of elder ones.

Music therapy : Listening to musical songs, devotional songs also helps in treating elderly depression. ECT electroconvulsive therapy can be given to some individuals.

Emotional support : The family members should mingle with elders to remove loneliness. Make the elders to play with small kids. Take a regular walk and advice to love the environment. Make them feel some one is caring and love the elders.

Healthy hair:-

Healthy hairs provide pleasure to the person and also pleasing to the person and set him mentally as well as physically comfortable. For the growth of the hairs stronger and longer, hair vitamins are the important aspects. There should be a well balanced hair vitamins, if there increase in the amount of hair vitamins or decrease in the amount may also leads to hair loss.

Healthy hair is depending upon the good nutrition, how the good nutrition is essential to growth of our body. Some vitamins play vital role the good hairs. It is important that certain metabolic requirements of the cells should be met for adequate growth of the hair. That means certain vitamins and minerals should be present in the adequate amount otherwise it may leads to faulty or nonexistent hair growth.

Because of the hurry life now a day we are not giving that much importance for our food. Extreme work schedule will pushing the peoples to develop poor eating habits. Along with this stress, exposure to sun, toxic environment, smoking and alcohol consumption in excess amount as well as lack of sleep leads to poor absorption of the hair vitamins and cause loss of the hair.

Taking proper amount of vitamins and minerals plays a major role in keeping our hair healthy and beautiful. So our goal is take the hair vitamins adequately. Heavy intake of certain vitamin supplements in some cases will resulted in stimulating hair growth. Deficiency of vitamin B6 will lead to often lose the hair because of hair vitamin deficiency.

Condition of our hair reflects the condition of our body. If our body is healthy and well nourished, hair will be looking good and shining glory. Nutritional deficiencies cause to hair becomes brittle and thin.

Hair Vitamins:-

Vitamin-A  :- It plays a major role in the growth of the hair and good healthy hair. Dose of hair vitamins A is 5,000 IU. Foods rich in vitamin A: cheese, eggs, carrots, apricots, meat, milk, broccoli, peaches and fish liver oil. These foods provides hair vitamins.

Large doses that is more than 25,000 IU of hair vitamins may also leads to loss of hair when the taking vitamin A is stopped the problem will be reversed.

Essential fatty acids also should be taken to improve the texture of the hair and also they prevent dry, brittle hair. Dosage of this hair vitamin is : 500 mg daily. Contraindication of this hair vitamins is, shouldn’t  be given to child

B-Vitamins :- Vitamin B is important for the health and for the growth of the hair. Foods rich in B vitamin are beans, peas, cauliflower, nuts and eggs, yeast, soy beans. This vitamin B complex with the some following B-vitamins will results in best results. So vitamin b are best hair vitamins.

Vitamin B3 also known as niacin, and Dose of vitamin b3 is : 50 mg 3 times daily. Food rich in vitamin B3: Brewer’s yeast, chicken, fish, wheat germ, turkey and meat.

Vitamin B5 also known as pantothenic acid is one of the hair vitamin. Dose: 100 mg 3 times daily. Food sources of vitamin b5 are  Brewer’s yeast, organ meats and egg yolks, whole grain cereals.

Vitamin B6 also known as pyridoxine is also a hair vitamin.
Dose: 50 mg 3 times daily. Food sources are Liver, whole grain cereals, vegetables, organ meats and egg yolk, brewer’s yeast. Vitamin b6 is a good hair vitamins.

Vitamin B12, Dose: 2 mg daily and Food sources are : Chicken, fish, eggs and milk.

Vitamin C :- Vitamin C will improve scalp circulation. It maintain capillaries which carry blood to the follicles. Foods rich in vitamin c are antioxidants like citrus fruits, kiwi, cantaloupe, tomatoes, potatoes, green leafy vegetables, pineapple and strawberries. Dosage is  3,000-10,000 mg daily.

Vitamin E :- This hair vitamins also enhances the scalp circulation. Foods rich in vitamin E are vegetable oils, soybeans, raw seeds and nuts, Cold-pressed vegetable oils, and leafy green vegetables, wheat germ oil, dried beans. Daily dosage is  Up to 400 IU.

Precautions: the patients taking antihypertensive or anticoagulants should have to consult the doctors before taking the Vitamin E supplements.

Biotin :- It is very important for the growth of the hair and healthy hair. It prevents hair loss. biotin is commonly prescribed hair vitamins for hair loss treatment. Food sources of biotin are whole grains, green peas, oats, soybeans, rice and milk, egg yolks, Brewer’s yeast, bulgur, lentils, sunflower seeds, brown rice, and walnuts. Daily dose is  50 mg 3 times daily.

Inositol:- It is very essential hair vitamins for the growth of the hair. Daily dosage of this hair vitamins is 100 mg twice daily. Above mentioned are the main hair vitamins, essential for healthy hair growth and to prevent hair fall.

Early pregnancy symptoms:-

Pregnancy symptoms are the experiences felt by the mother during gestational period. The pregnancy symptoms varies from one woman to another. Pregnancy symptoms varies in their frequency, intensity and duration. The pregnancy symptoms can appear same as that of pre-menstrual discomforts.The woman experiences variety of physical mental changes in the period of pregnancy. These all pregnancy symptoms are listed below. These are considered as typical early pregnancy symptoms, these may in there duration of appearance. Some of the pregnancy symptoms are subtle, they are not obvious.

The pregnancy symptoms may confused with other pathological causes. Pregnancy symptoms may occur within a week of conception but these may occur after few weeks in other woman. For confirmation of Pregnancy symptoms the woman must undergo pregnancy test. Following are the important Pregnancy symptoms.

Pregnancy symptoms no – 1

Amenorrhea : There is missing in monthly regular menstrual cycle is called amenorrhea. This is most important symptom of pregnancy, if there is absence of two continues cycle indicate conception and is the early and vital sign of pregnancy. But sometimes it may confuse with other causes, so the woman must undergo pregnancy test immediately.

Some woman might not have missing of cycle but experience lighter period when compared with the previous cycles is also a pregnancy symptoms. Sometimes there are chances of delay in the duration of the menstruation. And the next period should miss if the woman is under pregnancy. Differential diagnosis of pregnancy symptoms : These amenorrhea symptoms often confused with hormonal problems, fatigue, Excessive weight gain/loss, breast-feeding, ceasing to take the birth control pill, tension, stress. So the woman must undergo pregnancy test as soon as possible.

Pregnancy symptoms – 2

Increase in the breast size :There will be chances of Breast Tenderness, that means swollen, and enlarge in size of the breast and breast sore will be present. These changes might happen because of breast undergo some hormonal changes for the purpose of producing milk. This is one of the pregnancy symptoms.

When women becomes pregnant, mother’s body begins preparing  breasts for producing milk and breastfeeding. Hormones start increasing. In addition to breast tenderness and swelling,   nipples may feel sore or extra sensitive. Some women notice their nipples darken in color.

There will be development of primary and secondary areola leads to darkening of the nipples, and the breast will becomes more sensitive. This is the most important early symptom of pregnancy. Differential diagnosis of pregnancy symptoms : Enlargement of the breast is often confused side effects of birth control pills, hormonal imbalance, impending menstruation also will cause the breast tenderness.

Pregnancy symptoms – 3

Fatigue : Because of the growth of the fetus there is increase in the fatigue and exhaustion. The mother will start to go to bed as sooner and she will be tired of doing a small works, she will feel harder to get from bed in the morning.

Mother has to put more efforts for exercises, simple activities may feel wiped and the mother feels light headed.

Differential diagnosis of pregnancy symptoms: Fatigue also associated with exhaustion, stress, common cold or flu, depression and other illness also causes feeling of tiredness or fatigued.

Pregnancy symptoms – 4

Nausea/Morning sickness : There is a presence of sensation of vomiting, this is a signs of queasiness, the mother will have nausea in the morning when she is going to have coffee or if she is going to take breakfast on an empty stomach. During this period mother will suffer from this problem very adversely. Morning sickness is also important among Pregnancy symptoms.
This can be reduced by eating smaller, and by taking more frequent snack size meals. And also it can be helped with saltine crackers and milk. This will appear after a period of month and it will persist till the body get adjust to the changes.

Differential diagnosis  of Pregnancy symptoms: This is also associated with food poisoning, other stomach disorders and stress can also cause mother to feel queasy.

Pregnancy symptoms – 5

Frequent Urination : It is one of the early pregnancy symptom mother will frequently void the urine. This pregnancy symptom is due to increase in the size of the uterus puts more pressure on the bladder causing frequent urination.

This also due increase in volume of body fluids and there is increase in process of kidneys and bladder. This pregnancy symptom will persist till nine months.

Other causes: Diabetes, urinary tract infection, increasing liquid intake and taking excessive diuretics.

Pregnancy symptom – 6

Heartburn and/or Constipation : Due to presence of the oestrogen hormone there is relaxation of the cardiac sphincter so it leads to gastroesophageal reflux. The gastric content will reflux in to the oesophagus and causing burning sensation. And also it caused due to increase in the size of the uterus will pushing the other organs towards the stomach. Heartburn is the minor Pregnancy symptoms.

Increased level of hormones may slow down the digestion, leading to heartburn. The bowel function will allow the body to absorb the minerals and vitamins, nutrients as much as possible from the foods.
Treatment includes drinking plenty of water and eats fruits, small frequent foods and vegetables, soda crackers and sparkling water will help to reduce the burning. And it also can be reduced by taking some quality vitamin formulas contain digestive enzymes will help with digestion. In severe cases mother should have to take some antacids prescribed by the doctor.

Pregnancy symptoms  – 7

Higher body temperature : There will be increase in the temperature of the body higher than the normal and it will persist for two weeks. But if the fever is persists for prolonged period mother may have to seek the doctor. Higher body temperature is the minor Pregnancy symptoms.

Pregnancy symptom – 8

Lack of concentration : Because of the fatigue, morning sickness the mother will feel mentally fuzzy, and even when the mother took the rest she may experience an inability to concentrate and she will have forgetfulness. Lack of concentration is also a minor pregnancy sign.

Pregnancy symptom – 9

Mood Swings : When there is fluctuation in the hormonal level leads to variation in the mood during pregnancy. The mother will feel mixed emotions, excitement and depression, and as well as the joy and sorrow, tears and laughter. She will be confused and need support and understanding. This early pregnancy symptoms may decrease in the second trimester. It can also be reduced by get plenty of sleep, by taking prenatal vitamins, eat at right time and by some moderate exercises. Mood swings may not appear in all mothers with pregnancy symptoms.

Pregnancy symptoms – 10

Bloating and Weight Gain : In pregnancy there will be gradual increase in the weight of the mother, its due to increase in the size of the fetus. And also it is due to increase in the extracellular fluid volume, growth of the uterus. Weight Gain is the later pregnancy symptoms.

Pregnancy symptoms no – 11

Low Back Pain ue to alteration in the posture and increase in the weight gain as well as difference in the body alignment leads to prolonged back pain. The pain is in the torso which pulls on mothers back.

These are the main symptoms of pregnancy.

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus is a multi system disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both. It is a serious health problem throughout the world. Factors that cause diabetes mellitus are as follows: age, hereditary, nutrition, pancreatic disorders etc. Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are the two types of diabetes and diabetes treatment has lesson the symptoms and relieved from developing complications.

Diabetes Treatment:-

1) Nutritional Therapy: Nutritional therapy is the most important step to treat Diabetes Mellitus. The measure steps involved in nutritional therapy is to avoiding high sugar containing foods.

Nutritional therapy For Type-1 Diabetes Treatment

• Calories- to decrease the body weight and restoring the body tissues help in achieving sugar level in control in diabetes patients.
• Diet and insulin therapy both helps in the control of blood sugar in diabetes patients.
• Avoid over intake of glucose by diabetes individual.
• Flexibility should be avoided in the insulin treatment for diabetes treatment.
• Moderate physical activities along with the 20 g/hr of Carbohydrates should be maintained for diabetes treatment.
• Should include more intake of green leafy vegetables in their daily meals and fruits that have low sugar content should be taken.

Nutritional therapy for type 2 diabetes :

• Caloric intake should be reduced in over weight or obese patients, as an effective diabetes treatment.
• Diet alone can sufficiently control blood glucose level.
• Weight should be reduced to prevent development of Diabetes for success of diabetes treatment.
• Avoid bed time snacks.
• If the patient is in insulin or sulfonylureas diabetes treatment, it is necessary to be in nutritional supplement for exercise programs.
• Alcohol should be avoided because it is high in calories, has no nutritive value, and alcohol also promotes hypertriglyceridemia.
• High fat contained foods are strictly avoided.
• More carbohydrate foods should be included in diet along with the protein and very less fat in food.
• Carbohydrates decreases the absorption of other foods, hence prevent the hyperglycemic state in the patient.
• High fiber diet decreases the fat absorption in the gastrointestinal track.
• Artificial sweeteners should be avoided and all above are the nutritional diabetes treatment methods.

2) EXERCISE -Diabetes treatment : Exercise decreases the blood glucose level by, increasing the glucose uptake by the body muscles and improving the utilization of the insulin by the body tissues. And also decreases the cardiovascular risk factors, by maintaining the balance in the blood i.e, exercise increases the high-density lipoproteins and decreases the amount of low-density lipoprotein in the blood, and hence it alter the blood lipid level. So exercise is an effective method of diabetes treatment. Exercise also improves the feeling of well being and reduces the emotional stress in diabetic patient.

Exercise should be done preferably at the same time daily and in the same amount each day. Walking is safe and beneficial form of exercise in most of the patient as diabetes treatment and it does not require any special precautions to be taken. It is important to increase the exercise gradually is recommended. Vigorous exercises in diabetes treatment is avoided because it is not safe, vigorous exercise increases the blood glucose rapidly, that may lead to diabetes complication. It is better to the exercises after having meals, when the blood glucose rises. It is also important to monitor the blood glucose level during and as well after and before the exercise you begin. Exercises  are best diabetes treatment method.

• A precaution that to be taken in exercise therapy for diabetes treatment includes
• Appropriate use of foot wears and other protective equipments.
• Exercise should be avoided in an extreme heat or cold.
• Daily inspection of feet is done by diabetic patient during diabetes treatment.
• Exercise should be avoided during the periods of metabolic rate, for diabetes treatment.

3) Pharmacological therapy – Diabetes treatment:-

Insulin therapy: insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas, which maintain the normal blood glucose level by increasing glucose transport and glucose absorption by the body tissues. Insulin is available in various forms for example Humulin R. lispro, linte, glargine, NPH etc. Insulin therapy is the effective diabetes treatment.

Types of Insulin for diabetes treatment:-

Short acting insulin. Eg- regular (Humulin R, Novoli N)
Long acting insulin. Eg- Ultralintel (Humilin U).
Combination therapy. Eg- NPH/regular 50/50 (Humulin 50/50).
Rapidly acting insulin. Eg- Lispro (Humalog), Aspart (Novolog).

Drug Therapy for Diabetes treatment:-

Sulfonylureas : Since 1950 these are widely used anti diabetic drugs. Sulfonylureas are of 2 types’ first generation and second generation are commonly used drugs for diabetes treatment. Eg-Orinase, Dymelor.

Maglitinides : These drugs increase insulin production from the pancreas. And before administration of maglitinides the patient should be advised to take it 30 min before each meal for successful diabetes treatment.

Biguanides : These primarily action of these drugs include, these drugs reduce glucose production by the liver, and it also enhance the insulin sensitivity at the tissue level. Eg- Metformin, Glucovance.

Alfa Glucosidase inhibitors: Also known as “stomach blocker”. These work by slowing down the absorption of carbohydrate in the small intestine. These taken with the first bite of each meal, they are more effective in lowering post-prandial blood glucose in diabetes treatment.  Eg- Glyset, Precose.

Thiazolidinediones: “insulin sensitizers”. Eg- Pioglitazone (Actos). Rosiglitol (Glyset). Other drugs used for diabetes treatment which affects Blood Glucose Levels are : these drugs involve both Glucose-Lowering effect ( acetaminophen, allopurinol, Biguanides) and Glucose-Raising Effect (acetazolamide, Alcohol, Arginine etc)

4) Monitoring of Blood Glucose for diabetes treatment : It is the self monitoring of the glucose in the urine. This procedure was used  in the past. The draw back of this diabetes treatment is, it does not provide current blood glucose level.In the hospital portable glucose meters are used to check the blood glucose level. This gives more quick results, hence it is most preferably used in the hospitals for diabetes treatment.

5) Pancreas Transplantation for diabetes treatment: This procedure for diabetes treatment is used as the treatment of the option for patients with types I diabetes mellitus. Who have end-stage renal disease.

Indication for the patients who do not have renal failure : a history of frequent, acute, and severe metabolic complications. Eg- Hypoglycemia, Hyperglycemia, Ketoacidosis.
Clinical and emotional problem with exogenous insulin therapy those are as severe as to be incapacitating.
Consistent failure of insulin-based management to prevent acute complications.

Diabetes symptoms:-

Diabetes has affected the millions of people world wide. The main types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Both types of diabetes have the same diabetes symptoms. The main symptom of diabetes is imbalanced blood sugar level. Hyperglycemia is the main diabetes symptoms and others are as follows. The diabetes symptoms  are because of poor insulin production or insulin resistance by the peripheral tissues.

Type 1 Diabetes symptoms :

In type 1 diabetes,  pancreas is unable to produce sufficient insulin due to autoimmune disorder or viral damage of pancreas. The insulin has the function of converting excess glucose in the blood into glycogen. The decreased insulin level in the body fails to convert glucose into glycogen, and leads to hyperglycemia, is the main diabetes symptoms. when glucose level is less in the body, the fat is broken down excess to produce energy. This  leads to formation of ketone bodies. Excess ketone bodies causes ketoacidosis is another symptoms of diabetes. Dehydration is seen due to electrolyte disturbance. Severe hyperglycemia may lead to coma and death.

Type 2 Diabetes symptoms:-

Polyuria:- Increase in urine production and eliminating excess urine is an important diabetes symptoms. Polyuria leads to  dehydration because both sugar and  a large amount of water from body is also excreted out.

Polydipsia :- The person feels frequently drinking water. The increased glucose in blood stimulates central nervous system to provoke thirst.

Polyphagia :- The hormone insulin has a role of stimulating hunger. when blood  sugar level is high  in blood, body produces insulin to maintain homeostasis, this leads to increased hunger by a diabetes patient. Polyphagia is the common one among diabetes symptoms.

Fatigue :- When there is no adequate glucose supply to the cells, stored fat of body is metabolized to gain energy. When fat is broken down in the body, excess calorie is burned and it leads to fatigue.

Weight loss :- The diabetes symptoms such as glycosuria, polyphagia, polyuria, and excess fat metabolism in body  leads to weight loss. Some individuals will gain weight because of increased appetite.

Blurred vision :- Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia nonketotic syndrome occurs when body fluid is pulled out of tissues. Due to hyperglycemia the  fluid inside eye lenses is also pulled out,  and weak ability of lens to focus, results in  blurred vision.

Neuritis:- The inadequate blood supply to peripheral parts of the body causes peripheral neuritis, characterized by itching and burning pain in sole, etc..

Poor wound healing :- Increased  blood sugar resists the well development of WBC, (white blood cell) which provides immunity to our body. When WBC cells do not function effectively, wound healing is failed or becomes poor. Another cause of poor wound healing is thickened blood vessels  because of prolonged untreated diabetes. This diabetes symptoms may lead to gangrene formation of infected wound.

These are the main diabetes symptoms. The diabetes symptoms should be treated before the disease becomes complicated.

Pertussis:-

Pertussis is also called as whooping cough. Pertussis is an  important communicable disease caused by bacteria,  results in uncontrollable, violent cough. Especially children are affected with pertussis.  As the sound comes during cough and taking air in, is called as whooping cough.  Nearly 5000 to 10000 children in united states are dieing every year because of pertussis.

Causes of pertussis:-

Bordetella pertussis, the bacteria causes pertussis infection. Pertussis is the disease of upper respiratory tract, if not treated causes permanent disability in children and may lead to death. Pertussis transmitted when an infected person sneezes or coughs, the bacteria spreads to air, and the person who inhales pertussis infected air droplets becomes infected with pertussis. Hence pertussis is an infectious disease easily spreads from person to person. Cough, sneezing, runny nose are the early symptoms of pertussis. After the pertussis bacteria multiplies in body, severe cough starts. Children experience weakness, fatigue and discomfort as the cough becomes severe. The continuous cough leads to impaired breathing and the children make whoop sound after coughing, is called whooping cough. Whooping sound is absent in infants less than 8 months. Some children vomits along with small amount of sputum. Coughing and vomiting simultaneously may lead to chocking in infants. Pertussis infection usually lasts for a period of 6 weeks. Whooping cough affects not only children but elder people can also get infected with pertussis. Now the incidence of pertussis is reduced as children are immunized during infancy, and higher rate pertussis is seen in  adolescents and elders.

Symptoms of pertussis:-

* Runny nose, sneezing
* mild fever up to 102 °F.
* Severe, continuous cough
* difficulty in  breathing
* both night and day cough,
* vomiting with sputum and cough,
* dry cough develops after some days,
* presence of whooping sound after cough while taking breath,
* generalized weakness and fatigue,
* Some children will have diarrhoea,
* Choking may occur in infants.

Diagnosis of pertussis:-

The initial diagnosis is the physical examination and history collection. The symptoms of pertussis are similar to pneumonia and the careful examination is needed to diagnose pertussis.

* Sputum test for bacterial culture,
* Nasal secretions test in laboratory,
* Chest x ray is also taken to differentiate from pertussis.
* Blood test is done to check elevated white blood cells.

Treatment of Pertussis:-

Antibiotics such as erythromycin and amoxicillin are the choice of drugs for pertussis treatment. Analgesics and antipyretics  are given to reduce fever and body ache. Incentive care should be taken to treat the infants infected with pertussis, and careful monitoring of progress of diseases and prognosis of treatment is needed. Hospitalization is needed in severe pertussis infected children. An oxygen tent with high humidity is used for infants have breathing difficulty. Intravenous fluids administration is also done to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Sedatives  may be given by the pediatrician for young children to avoid crying and induce sleep. Expectorants, and cough suppressants are  not helpful in treating pertussis.

Prevention of pertussis:-

The DPT vaccine ( diphtheria, pertussis,tetanus) or only pertussis vaccine Helps lot in preventing pertussis. Immunization schedule n most of countries  recommended for DPT-vaccine in infancy itself. The booster shot of pertussis is given after some months in infants. In adults also booster dose of pertussis is given to prevent pertussis in adolescents and adults. Pertussis affected children should follow the measures to prevent spread of pertussis infection by wearing face mask, or avoiding school for some days. The vaccination also given to elders aged above 65 years to prevent pertussis.

Kidney failure :-

Kidneys have the important  role of purifying blood and maintains water and electrolyte balance. Symptoms of kidney failure vary from person to person as per the severity of kidney damage or inability of kidneys to filter blood. The most cases of kidney failure are identified in the later stages, when kidney disease symptoms becomes severe. Significant decrease in the urine production is the main symptoms of kidney failure. Water and electrolyte balance is mainly altered and is the main symptoms of kidney failure.

In the beginning  symptoms of kidney failure  are asymptomatic, later as the kidney function decreases, symptoms of kidney failure  are manifested as decreased urinary output, fatigue, flank pain, etc.

Oliguria is the term used for urine production less than 400 ml per 24 hrs. In chronic kidney failure the symptoms of kidney failure develops slowly and gradually progressed. But in case of acute renal failure the symptoms of kidney failure develops fast. In both acute and chronic renal failure, the symptoms of kidney failure indicates immediate treatment is needed to prevent complications.

Main symptoms of kidney failure :-

1.  Urinary changes,

2.  Swelling or edema,

3.  Fatigue,

4.  Itching and Skin  rashes ,

5.  Metabolic acidosis

6.  Arrhythmias

7.  Shortness of breath

8 . Metallic taste in mouth

1. Urinary changes :

* Decreased urinary output,
* Dark coloured urine,
* Painful micturition,
* Foamy or bubbly urine passing,
* Blood cells in the urine,
* Increased effort for urination.

2. Swelling or edema:

The increased nitrogenous wastes in the body formed because of inability of kidney to remove body metabolic wastes leads to water retention and causes  swelling or edema of legs, ankles, feet, face etc. Generalised edema also occurs. Electrolytes impairment by the kidney also leads to edema, is one of the  kidney disease symptoms.

3. Fatigue and Weakness:

Kidney failure leads to less production of hormone erythropoietin, the hormone which stimulates production of red blood cells in the body. The decreased hormone production by the Kidneys causes low RBC production and while causes anemia. Anemia is symptomized by generalized weakness and fatigue. This symptoms of kidney failure is develops in chronic kidney failure.

4. Itching and Skin  rashes:

are the symptoms of kidney failure occurs because of increased uric acid and elevated nitrogenous wastes in the body, which buildup of wastes in the blood  and causes Itching and Skin  rashes. These symptoms of kidney failure are developed with kidney functions decreased significantly.

5. Metabolic acidosis:

Increased acidity is one of symptom of kidney failure. When kidney becomes unable maintain normal  bicarbonate level in body  causes metabolic acidosis.

6. Arrhythmias:

Arrhythmia are the abnormal conduction of electric impulses of the heart  is caused due to Hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia is the term used to indicate elevated  level of potassium in the body. Potassium level is increased in body when kidney kidney fails to excrete excess potassium through nephrons.

7. Shortness of breath:

is the symptoms of kidney failure seen when fluid accumulation occurs in lungs, called pulmonary edema. The decreased kidney function leads to fluid and water retention causes shortness of breath with pulmonary edema.

8. Metallic taste in mouth:

is the minor kidney disease symptoms formed as increased wastes in the blood  causes bad breath. The metallic taste is also felt by the patient of kidney failure. This makes individual not to take food. This kidney disease symptoms is associated with most of renal disorders.

Minor symptoms of kidney failure are:-

Nausea and vomiting is also related to bad breath and metallic taste in mouth. Loss of appetite also occurs as the nitrogenous wastes accumulates in the body.

Pain in the lower back is a kidney pain, is the later symptoms of kidney failure. This pain is also called flank pain. Low back pain is the kidney disease symptoms seen with cystic disease of kidney, kidney tumor, poly-cystic kidney disease, etc.

Coldness of extremities due to decreased blood supply and anemia.

Dizziness and uneasiness are minor symptoms of kidney failure. This is because the brain receives less oxygenated blood and severe anemia. These are the minor symptoms of kidney failure.

Treatment:-

Treatment of  underlying cause of kidney failure is important to restore the function of kidney.

Diuretics are given to reduce ankle edema. Immediate diagnosis of kidney failure helps in selecting treatment option as per need of patient and severity of kidney failure.

Dialysis is the emergency treatment for purifying blood and to remove breakdown products of amino-acid from the body.

Arthritis treatment

Arthritis treatment is very important to relieve pain of millions of arthritis patients worldwide. The treatments for  arthritis diseases includes rest,  relaxation, exercise, arthritis relieving diet, medication, health education etc.  The proper body mechanics also helps in avoiding joint stress and are the best arthritis treatments.  Medications are used to relieve pain because of arthritis. The main goals of arthritis treatments is

• To Relieve joint pain
• Minimize risks of arthritis treatment
• To avoid further development of arthritis,
• Guidance to patients about arthritis management,
• To Prevent work disability.

Surgery is done in severe cases of arthritis.  The treatments for arthritis is as per need of arthritis patient and doctor  treatment plan, which includes number of therapies as arthritis treatments.  Emu oil is used for relieving arthritis pain.  Colchicine  and allopurinol  are the drugs commonly used for arthritis treatments.

Fatigue is the most common problem of arthritis patients. Patients with  rheumatic arthritis disease should maintain a  balance between rest and activity. When an arthritis  Patient experiences pain or fatigue during exercises  should  take a break or rest. Prolonged rest also leads to muscle stiffness and it leads to failure of arthritis treatments.

Arthritis Exercises

The regular physical exercise  reduces  joint pain and stiffness,  increase flexibility, muscle strength, and helps in easy movement of joints. Regular walk also helps in weight reduction and this is the best treatments for arthritis.  Don’t start exercise program blindly, and should get perfect education from the doctor. Exercises recommend for arthritis treatments includes:-

Range-of-motion exercises: (e.g. stretching joints)  To help maintain normal joint movement, maintains normal joint flexibility, and relieves muscle stiffness.

Strengthening exercises: To maintain or increase muscle strength. Strong muscles  supports and protect joints affected with arthritis. Weight lifting exercises are the good exercises for arthritis treatments.

Aerobic  exercises: To improve cardiovascular fitness, helps to control weight on joints, and to improve overall well-being of joint function. Studies also proved that aerobic exercise are best treatments for arthritis and reduces inflammation of  joints along with improvement in movement. Walking, bicycle riding are treatments for arthritis under aerobic exercises.

Arthritis diet

Well-balanced diet  is the main part arthritis treatments. Regular exercises and  a well-balanced diet helps arthritis patients to maintain their body weight and to have healthy joints. Weight reduction helps  in avoiding joint stress and reduces joint tear, hence risk of joint pain and swelling are reduced. Obese arthritis patients should reduce their body weight, along with other treatments for arthritis. These are the treatments for arthritis.

Hemoglobin:-

Hemoglobin is the specialized protein rich in iron, present in the red blood cells, and  helps in transporting respiratory gases. The presence of Hemoglobin gives red colour to blood. The normal hemoglobin level in body is 14 to 17 gm/dl in males and  10.8 to 16 gm /dl in females.  The hemoglobin count for newborns is higher than elder ones i.e. 17-24 gm/dl.

Hemoglobin count:-

Now a days hemoglobin count is done using machines, which are used for blood test. In the machine red blood cells are broken down and hemoglobin is exposed. With chemical mechanisms the hemoglobin count is done.

Hemoglobin is made up of four globular protein subunits are attached by protein bond. Proteins in the hemoglobin attracts oxygen from alveoli of lungs. Combining with oxygenated blood oxyhemoglobin is formed and it  travels  entire bloodstream. The oxygen is carried to distant parts of body and delivered at tissue level. At tissue level, hemoglobin absorbs the carbon dioxide and forms carboxyhemoglobin is carried to lungs and eliminates carbon dioxide.

Low hemoglobin count:-

The reduced hemoglobin level than normal range is called as low hemoglobin, and low hemoglobin count  indicates a low red blood cell count is called as Anemia. The low hemoglobin level indicates nutritional deficiency. Weakness and fatigue are the main symptoms of low hemoglobin level. Individuals with other systemic diseases have risk of low hemoglobin count. Immediate medical care is needed to prevent tissue hypoxia and other  complications.

The causes of low hemoglobin count or anemia:-

* Loss of blood  during traumatic injury, surgery, bleeding colon cancer etc.
* Nutritional deficiency (iron, vitamin B12, folate deficiency),
* Bone marrow diseases
* Abnormal hemoglobin such sickle cell anemia.
* Iron and folic acid deficiencies,
* Vitamin  deficiencies
* Erythropoietin deficiency
* Red blood cells destruction with blood transfusion
* Severe blood loss
* Hypothyroidism, and deficiency  of testosterone  hormone
* kidney failure, cancer,  Crohn’s disease and other Chronic diseases,
* Autoimmune diseases,
* lead poisoning
* malnutrition
* chemotherapy and
* use of certain medications,

High hemoglobin count:-

Hemoglobin count is said to be high when hemoglobin count  is above-average level in blood. Increased hemoglobin count more than 18 grams per deciliter  of blood for men and 16 g/dl for women is called high hemoglobin count. The number of red blood cells may be normal but the hemoglobin count may be raised in some cases.

Hemoglobin  is the vital component of red blood cells. Hemoglobin has oxygen-carrying capacity, transports oxygenated blood from lungs to tissues and deoxygenated blood from tissues to lungs.  If the Hemoglobin count decreases, blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity also decreases. The tissues receives less oxygen and severe reduction of Hemoglobin count leads to tissue hypoxia.

High hemoglobin count indications:-

* Congenital heart diseases
* Cor pulmonale
* Pulmonary fibrosis
* Increased RBC formation etc..

Male impotence:-

Inability to have a successful intercourse because of erectile problem is called as Impotence or Male impotence.  most of the men experiences impotence at any part of life. Impotence may be of  short time or long time and effective treatment is needed to treat impotence. All reproductive age group may develop male impotence but the age group above 65 are at risk of developing male impotence.

Impotence can be treatable at any age of an individual. Now a days successful treatment for male impotence is available and the treatment helps  most men with male impotence return to normal sexual activity.

Male impotence Causes:-

• Nearly 1.5 million people worldwide have impotence.

• It is be believed that keeping mobile phones in pocket causes impotence.

• Diseases like diabetes mellitus, endocrine gland disorder, kidney disease,  etc.

• Problems in the  structure of reproductive organ or its surrounding tissues may cause impotence.

• Damage to arteries, smooth muscles and fibrous tissues, surgery or an injury that interfere with nerve impulses transmission or blood flow to the reproductive organ.

• Psychological upset or emotional stress,  factors like depression, anxiety, grief causes male impotence.

• As a side effect of medications such as  antihistamines, antidepressants, tranquilizers, appetite suppressants, etc.

• smoking and obesity which alters blood flow to the  arteries.

• alcoholism or drug abuse for long time.

• In men aged  over 65 years, impotence can be caused decreased levels of testosterone hormone, and Hormone replacement therapy is given to treat this male impotence.

Treatment of male impotence:-

Most of the men won’t get treatment at all. Only ten to twenty percent will get treatment for male impotence.Number of treatment options are available for impotence depending on the cause of male impotence.  Treatment  of male impotence includes reduce stress, counseling and sexual therapy to help solve any sexual problems,  changes in life style, weight control to reduce obesity, alternative  medication to substitute medications which causes impotence, exercises to strengthen pelvic floor, use of an oral medication, a vacuum device or injection or insertion of medicine to sexual organ. Surgical operation is done to correct the deformity of male impotence in some males.